xhs-note-crawling/python/py/Lib/site-packages/xdis/bytecode.py

#  Copyright (c) 2018-2025 by Rocky Bernstein
#
#  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
#  modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
#  of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
#  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#  GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
#  Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.

"""
Python bytecode and instruction classes Extracted from Python 3
"dis" module but generalized to allow running on multiple code types
including those from Python 1.x and 2.x.

"""

import collections
import inspect
import sys
from io import StringIO
from linecache import getline
from types import CodeType
from typing import Iterable, Iterator, Optional, Tuple, Union

from xdis.cross_dis import (
    format_code_info,
    get_code_object,
    instruction_size,
    op_has_argument,
)
from xdis.cross_types import UnicodeForPython3
from xdis.instruction import Instruction
from xdis.op_imports import get_opcode_module
from xdis.opcodes.opcode_36 import format_CALL_FUNCTION, format_CALL_FUNCTION_EX
from xdis.util import code2num, num2code
from xdis.version_info import IS_PYPY

VARIANT = "pypy" if IS_PYPY else None


def get_docstring(filename: str, line_number: int, doc_str: str) -> str:
    while len(doc_str) < 80:
        next_line = getline(filename, line_number).strip()
        doc_str += "\\n" + next_line
        if next_line.endswith('"""'):
            break
        line_number += 1
    if len(doc_str) > 80:
        doc_str = doc_str[:-7] + '... """'
    return doc_str + "\n"


def get_jump_val(jump_arg: int, version: tuple) -> int:
    return jump_arg * 2 if version[:2] >= (3, 10) else jump_arg


def get_const_info(const_index, const_list):
    """Helper to get optional details about const references

    Returns the dereferenced constant and its repr if the constant
    list is defined.
    Otherwise, returns the constant index and its repr().
    """
    arg_val = const_index
    if const_list is not None:
        arg_val = const_list[const_index]

    arg_repr = (
        prefer_double_quote(repr(arg_val))
        if isinstance(arg_val, str)
        else repr(arg_val)
    )

    # Float values "nan" and "inf" are not directly representable in Python at least
    # before 3.5 and even there it is via a library constant.
    # So we will canonicalize their representation as float('nan') and float('inf')
    if isinstance(arg_val, float) and str(arg_val) in frozenset(
        ["nan", "-nan", "inf", "-inf"]
    ):
        return arg_val, f"float('{arg_val}')"
    return arg_val, arg_repr


# For compatibility
_get_const_info = get_const_info


def get_name_info(name_index, name_list):
    """Helper to get optional details about named references

    Returns the dereferenced name as both value and repr if the name
    list is defined.
    Otherwise, returns the name index and its repr().
    """
    argval = name_index
    if (
        name_list is not None
        # PyPY seems to "optimize" out constant names,
        # so we need the following condition to handle this situation:
        and name_index < len(name_list)
    ):
        argval = name_list[name_index]
        argrepr = argval
    else:
        argrepr = repr(argval)
    return argval, argrepr


def get_optype(opcode: int, opc) -> str:
    """Helper to determine what class of instructions ``opcode`` is in.
    Return is a string in:
       compare, const, free, jabs, jrel, local, name, nargs, or ??
    """
    if opcode in opc.COMPARE_OPS:
        return "compare"
    elif opcode in opc.CONST_OPS:
        return "const"
    elif opcode in opc.FREE_OPS:
        return "free"
    elif opcode in opc.JABS_OPS:
        return "jabs"
    elif opcode in opc.JREL_OPS:
        return "jrel"
    elif opcode in opc.LOCAL_OPS:
        return "local"
    elif opcode in opc.NAME_OPS:
        return "name"
    elif opcode in opc.NARGS_OPS:
        return "nargs"
    # This has to come after NARGS_OPS. Some are in both?
    elif opcode in opc.VARGS_OPS:
        return "vargs"
    elif opcode in opc.ENCODED_ARG_OPS:
        return "encoded_arg"

    return "??"


# For compatibility
_get_name_info = get_name_info


def offset2line(offset: int, linestarts):
    """linestarts is expected to be a *list of (offset, line number)
    where both offset and line number are in increasing order.
    Return the closest line number at or below the offset.
    If offset is less than the first line number given in `linestarts`,
    return line number 0.
    """
    if len(linestarts) == 0 or offset < linestarts[0][0]:
        return 0
    low = 0
    high = len(linestarts) - 1
    mid = (low + high + 1) // 2
    while low <= high:
        if linestarts[mid][0] > offset:
            high = mid - 1
        elif linestarts[mid][0] < offset:
            low = mid + 1
        else:
            return linestarts[mid][1]
        mid = (low + high + 1) // 2
        pass
    # Not found. Return the closest position below.
    if mid >= len(linestarts):
        return linestarts[len(linestarts) - 1][1]
    return linestarts[high][1]


def _parse_varint(iterator: Iterator[int]) -> int:
    b = next(iterator)
    val = b & 63
    while b & 64:
        val <<= 6
        b = next(iterator)
        val |= b & 63
    return val


_ExceptionTableEntry = collections.namedtuple(
    "_ExceptionTableEntry", "start end target depth lasti"
)


def parse_exception_table(exception_table: bytes):
    iterator = iter(exception_table)
    entries = []
    try:
        while True:
            start = _parse_varint(iterator) * 2
            length = _parse_varint(iterator) * 2
            end = start + length
            target = _parse_varint(iterator) * 2
            dl = _parse_varint(iterator)
            depth = dl >> 1
            lasti = bool(dl & 1)
            entries.append(_ExceptionTableEntry(start, end, target, depth, lasti))
    except StopIteration:
        return entries


def prefer_double_quote(string: str) -> str:
    """
    Prefer a double-quoted string over a single-quoted string when
    possible. ``string`` is expected to already be a repr()-like
    representation with quoting already in it.

    Python formatting seems now to prefer double-quotes, even though
    it's repr() function typically prefers single quotes.

    Using the form that Python typically uses in its source can
    make things easier on users of this, like decompilers.
    """
    if string[1:-1].find('"') == -1:
        return f'"{string[1:-1]}"'
    return string


def get_logical_instruction_at_offset(
    bytecode,
    offset: int,
    opc,
    varnames=None,
    names=None,
    constants=None,
    cells=None,
    linestarts=None,
    line_offset=0,
    exception_entries=None,
    labels=None,
):
    """
    Return a single logical instruction for `bytecode` at offset `offset`.
    if the opcode at offset is EXTENDED_ARG, then instructions are returned
    until we no longer have an EXTENDED_ARG instruction. Note that the
    last non-EXTENDED_ARG instruction will have its argument value adjusted
    to note the increased size of the argument.
    """
    if labels is None:
        labels = opc.findlabels(bytecode, opc)
        # PERFORMANCE FIX: Only add exception labels if we're building labels ourselves
        # When called from get_instructions_bytes, labels already includes exception targets
        if exception_entries is not None:
            for start, end, target, _, _ in exception_entries:
                if target not in labels:
                    labels.append(target)

    # label_maps = get_jump_target_maps(bytecode, opc)

    # FIXME: We really need to distinguish 3.6.0a1 from 3.6.a3.
    # See below FIXME
    python_36 = True if opc.python_version >= (3, 6) else False

    starts_line = None

    n = len(bytecode)

    extended_arg_count = 0
    extended_arg = 0

    if hasattr(opc, "EXTENDED_ARG"):
        extended_arg_size = instruction_size(opc.EXTENDED_ARG, opc)
    else:
        extended_arg_size = 0

    # This is not necessarily true initially, but it gets us through the
    # loop below.

    last_op_was_extended_arg = True
    i = offset

    while i < n and last_op_was_extended_arg:
        op = code2num(bytecode, i)
        opname = opc.opname[op]
        optype = get_optype(op, opc)

        offset = i
        if linestarts is not None:
            starts_line = linestarts.get(i, None)
            if starts_line is not None:
                starts_line += line_offset

        is_jump_target = i in labels

        i += 1
        arg = None
        argval = None
        argrepr = ""
        has_arg = op_has_argument(op, opc)
        if has_arg:
            if python_36:
                arg = code2num(bytecode, i) | extended_arg
                extended_arg = (arg << 8) if opname == "EXTENDED_ARG" else 0
                # FIXME: Python 3.6.0a1 is 2, for 3.6.a3 we have 1
                i += 1
            else:
                arg = (
                    code2num(bytecode, i)
                    + code2num(bytecode, i + 1) * 0x100
                    + extended_arg
                )
                i += 2
                extended_arg = arg * 0x10000 if opname == "EXTENDED_ARG" else 0

            #  Set argval to the dereferenced value of the argument when
            #  available, and argrepr to the string representation of argval.
            #    disassemble_bytes needs the string repr of the
            #    raw name index for LOAD_GLOBAL, LOAD_CONST, etc.

            argval = arg

            # create a localsplusnames table that resolves duplicates.
            localsplusnames = (varnames or tuple()) + tuple(
                name for name in (cells or tuple()) if name not in varnames
            )

            if op in opc.CONST_OPS:
                argval, argrepr = _get_const_info(arg, constants)
            elif op in opc.NAME_OPS:
                if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 11) and opname == "LOAD_GLOBAL":
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg >> 1, names)
                    if arg & 1:
                        argrepr = "NULL + " + argrepr
                elif opc.version_tuple >= (3, 12) and opname == "LOAD_ATTR":
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg >> 1, names)
                    if arg & 1:
                        argrepr = "NULL|self + " + argrepr
                elif opc.version_tuple >= (3, 12) and opname == "LOAD_SUPER_ATTR":
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg >> 2, names)
                    if arg & 1:
                        argrepr = "NULL|self + " + argrepr
                else:
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, names)
            elif op in opc.JREL_OPS:
                signed_arg = -arg if "JUMP_BACKWARD" in opname else arg
                argval = i + get_jump_val(signed_arg, opc.python_version)

                # check cache instructions for python 3.13
                if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 13):
                    if opc.opname[op] in [
                        "POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE",
                        "POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE",
                        "POP_JUMP_IF_NONE",
                        "POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE",
                        "JUMP_BACKWARD",
                    ]:
                        argval += 2

                # FOR_ITER has a cache instruction in 3.12
                if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 12) and opname == "FOR_ITER":
                    argval += 2
                argrepr = "to " + repr(argval)
            elif op in opc.JABS_OPS:
                argval = get_jump_val(arg, opc.python_version)
                argrepr = "to " + repr(argval)
            elif op in opc.LOCAL_OPS:
                if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 13) and opname in (
                    "LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST",
                    "STORE_FAST_LOAD_FAST",
                    "STORE_FAST_STORE_FAST",
                ):
                    arg1 = arg >> 4
                    arg2 = arg & 15
                    argval1, argrepr1 = _get_name_info(arg1, localsplusnames)
                    argval2, argrepr2 = _get_name_info(arg2, localsplusnames)
                    argval = argval1, argval2
                    argrepr = argrepr1 + ", " + argrepr2
                elif opc.version_tuple >= (3, 11):
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, localsplusnames)
                else:
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, varnames)
            elif op in opc.FREE_OPS:
                if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 11):
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, localsplusnames)
                else:
                    argval, argrepr = _get_name_info(arg, cells)
            elif op in opc.COMPARE_OPS:
                if opc.python_version >= (3, 13):
                    # The fifth-lowest bit of the oparg now indicates a forced conversion to bool.
                    argval = opc.cmp_op[arg >> 5]
                elif opc.python_version >= (3, 12):
                    argval = opc.cmp_op[arg >> 4]
                else:
                    argval = opc.cmp_op[arg]
                argrepr = argval
            elif op in opc.NARGS_OPS:
                opname = opname
                if python_36 and opname in ("CALL_FUNCTION", "CALL_FUNCTION_EX"):
                    if opname == "CALL_FUNCTION":
                        argrepr = format_CALL_FUNCTION(code2num(bytecode, i - 1))
                    else:
                        assert opname == "CALL_FUNCTION_EX"
                        argrepr = format_CALL_FUNCTION_EX(code2num(bytecode, i - 1))
                else:
                    if not (
                        python_36
                        or opname in ("RAISE_VARARGS", "DUP_TOPX", "MAKE_FUNCTION")
                    ):
                        argrepr = "%d positional, %d named" % (
                            code2num(bytecode, i - 2),
                            code2num(bytecode, i - 1),
                        )
            if hasattr(opc, "opcode_arg_fmt") and opname in opc.opcode_arg_fmt:
                argrepr = opc.opcode_arg_fmt[opname](arg)
        else:
            if python_36:
                i += 1
            if hasattr(opc, "opcode_arg_fmt") and opname in opc.opcode_arg_fmt:
                argrepr = opc.opcode_arg_fmt[opname](arg)

        inst_size = instruction_size(op, opc) + (extended_arg_count * extended_arg_size)
        start_offset = offset if opc.oppop[op] == 0 else None

        yield Instruction(
            is_jump_target=is_jump_target,
            starts_line=starts_line,
            offset=offset,
            opname=opname,
            opcode=op,
            has_arg=has_arg,
            arg=arg,
            argval=argval,
            argrepr=argrepr,
            tos_str=None,
            positions=None,
            optype=optype,
            inst_size=inst_size,
            has_extended_arg=extended_arg_count != 0,
            fallthrough=None,
            start_offset=start_offset,
        )
        # fallthrough
        last_op_was_extended_arg = True if opname == "EXTENDED_ARG" else False
        extended_arg_count = extended_arg_count + 1 if last_op_was_extended_arg else 0
        # end loop


def next_offset(op: int, opc, offset: int) -> int:
    """Returns the bytecode offset for the instruction that is assumed to
    start at `offset` and has opcode `op`. opc contains information for the
    bytecode version of that we should be using.
    """
    return offset + instruction_size(op, opc)


def get_instructions_bytes(
    bytecode,
    opc,
    varnames=None,
    names=None,
    constants=None,
    cells=None,
    linestarts=None,
    line_offset=0,
    exception_entries=None,
):
    """
    Iterate over the instructions in a bytecode string.

    Generates a sequence of Instruction namedtuples giving the details of each
    opcode.  Additional information about the code's runtime environment
    e.g., variable names, constants, can be specified using optional
    arguments.
    """
    labels = opc.findlabels(bytecode, opc)

    # PERFORMANCE FIX: Build exception labels ONCE, not on every iteration
    # The old code was O(n^2) because it rebuilt the same list every call to
    # get_logical_instruction_at_offset
    if exception_entries is not None:
        for start, end, target, _, _ in exception_entries:
            # Only add the target offset, not every offset in the range
            # This matches what get_logical_instruction_at_offset expects
            if target not in labels:
                labels.append(target)

    n = len(bytecode)
    offset = 0

    while offset < n:
        instructions = list(
            get_logical_instruction_at_offset(
                bytecode,
                offset,
                opc,
                varnames=varnames,
                names=names,
                constants=constants,
                cells=cells,
                linestarts=linestarts,
                line_offset=0,
                exception_entries=exception_entries,
                labels=labels
            )
        )

        for instruction in instructions:
            yield instruction
        offset = next_offset(instruction.opcode, opc, instruction.offset)


class Bytecode:
    """Bytecode operations involving a Python code object.

    Instantiate this with a function, method, string of code, or a code object
    (as returned by compile()).

    Iterating over these yields the bytecode operations as Instruction instances.
    """

    def __init__(self, x, opc, first_line=None, current_offset=None, dup_lines: bool=True) -> None:
        self.codeobj = co = get_code_object(x)
        self._line_offset = 0
        self._cell_names = ()
        if opc.version_tuple >= (1, 5):
            if first_line is None:
                self.first_line = co.co_firstlineno
            else:
                self.first_line = first_line
                self._line_offset = first_line - co.co_firstlineno
            if opc.version_tuple > (2, 0):
                self._cell_names = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
                pass
            pass

        self._linestarts = dict(opc.findlinestarts(co, dup_lines=dup_lines))
        self._original_object = x
        self.opc = opc
        self.opnames = opc.opname
        self.current_offset = current_offset

        if opc.version_tuple >= (3, 11) and not opc.is_pypy and hasattr(co, "co_exceptiontable"):
            self.exception_entries = parse_exception_table(co.co_exceptiontable)
        else:
            self.exception_entries = None

    def __iter__(self):
        co = self.codeobj
        return get_instructions_bytes(
            co.co_code,
            self.opc,
            co.co_varnames,
            co.co_names,
            co.co_consts,
            self._cell_names,
            self._linestarts,
            line_offset=self._line_offset,
            exception_entries=self.exception_entries,
        )

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._original_object!r})"

    @classmethod
    def from_traceback(cls, tb, opc=None):
        """Construct a Bytecode from the given traceback"""
        if opc is None:
            opc = get_opcode_module(sys.version_info, VARIANT)
        while tb.tb_next:
            tb = tb.tb_next
        return cls(
            tb.tb_frame.f_code, opc=opc, first_line=None, current_offset=tb.tb_lasti
        )

    def info(self) -> str:
        """Return formatted information about the code object."""
        return format_code_info(self.codeobj, self.opc.version_tuple)

    def dis(self, asm_format: str="classic", show_source: bool=False) -> str:
        """Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations."""
        co = self.codeobj
        filename = co.co_filename
        if self.current_offset is not None:
            offset = self.current_offset
        else:
            offset = -1
        output = StringIO()
        if self.opc.version_tuple > (2, 0):
            cells = self._cell_names
            line_starts = self._linestarts
        else:
            cells = None
            line_starts = None

        first_line_number = co.co_firstlineno if hasattr(co, "co_firstlineno") else None

        if inspect.iscode(co):
            filename = inspect.getfile(co)

        if isinstance(filename, UnicodeForPython3):
            filename = str(filename)

        self.disassemble_bytes(
            co.co_code,
            varnames=co.co_varnames,
            names=co.co_names,
            constants=co.co_consts,
            cells=cells,
            line_starts=line_starts,
            line_offset=self._line_offset,
            file=output,
            lasti=offset,
            asm_format=asm_format,
            filename=filename,
            show_source=show_source,
            first_line_number=first_line_number,
            exception_entries=self.exception_entries,
        )
        return output.getvalue()

    def distb(self, tb=None) -> None:
        """Disassemble a traceback (default: last traceback)."""
        if tb is None:
            try:
                tb = sys.last_traceback
            except AttributeError:
                raise RuntimeError("no last traceback to disassemble")
            while tb.tb_next:
                tb = tb.tb_next
        assert tb is not None
        self.disassemble_bytes(tb.tb_frame.f_code, tb.tb_lasti)

    def disassemble_bytes(
        self,
        bytecode: Union[CodeType, bytes, str],
        lasti: int = -1,
        varnames=None,
        names=None,
        constants=None,
        cells=None,
        line_starts=None,
        file=sys.stdout,
        line_offset=0,
        asm_format="classic",
        filename: Optional[str] = None,
        show_source=True,
        first_line_number: Optional[int] = None,
        exception_entries=None,
    ) -> list:
        # Omit the line number column entirely if we have no line number info
        show_lineno = line_starts is not None or self.opc.version_tuple < (2, 3)
        show_source = show_source and show_lineno and first_line_number and filename

        def show_source_text(line_number: Optional[int]) -> None:
            """
            Show the Python source text if all conditions are right:
              * source text was requested - this implies other checks
                seen above
              * the source is available via linecache.getline()
            """
            # There is some redundancy in the condition below
            # to make type checking happy. In reality,
            # only the show_source is tested at runtime.
            if show_source and filename and line_number:
                source_text = getline(filename, line_number).lstrip()
                if source_text.startswith('"""'):
                    source_text = get_docstring(
                        filename, line_number + 1, source_text.rstrip()
                    )
                if source_text:
                    file.write(" " * 13 + "# " + source_text)

        show_source_text(first_line_number)

        # Old Python's use "SET_LINENO" to set a line number
        set_lineno_number = 0
        last_was_set_lineno = False

        # TODO?: Adjust width upwards if max(line_starts.values()) >= 1000?
        lineno_width = 3 if show_lineno else 0
        instructions = []
        extended_arg_starts_line: Optional[int] = None
        extended_arg_jump_target_offset: Optional[int] = None

        for instr in get_instructions_bytes(
            bytecode,
            self.opc,
            varnames,
            names,
            constants,
            cells,
            line_starts,
            line_offset=line_offset,
            exception_entries=exception_entries,
        ):
            # Python 1.x into early 2.0 uses SET_LINENO
            if last_was_set_lineno:
                instr = Instruction(
                    opcode=instr.opcode,
                    opname=instr.opname,
                    arg=instr.arg,
                    argval=instr.argval,
                    argrepr=instr.argrepr,
                    offset=instr.offset,
                    starts_line=set_lineno_number,  # this is the only field that changes
                    is_jump_target=instr.is_jump_target,
                    positions=None,
                    optype=instr.optype,
                    has_arg=instr.has_arg,
                    inst_size=instr.inst_size,
                    has_extended_arg=instr.has_extended_arg,
                    tos_str=None,
                    start_offset=None,
                )
            last_was_set_lineno = False
            if instr.opname == "SET_LINENO":
                set_lineno_number = instr.argval
                last_was_set_lineno = True

            if instr.opname == "EXTENDED_ARG" and asm_format == "asm":
                extended_arg_starts_line = instr.starts_line
                extended_arg_jump_target_offset = instr.offset
                continue

            if extended_arg_starts_line:
                instr = Instruction(
                    opcode=instr.opcode,
                    opname=instr.opname,
                    arg=instr.arg,
                    argval=instr.argval,
                    argrepr=instr.argrepr,
                    offset=instr.offset,
                    starts_line=extended_arg_starts_line,  # this is the only field that changes
                    is_jump_target=instr.is_jump_target,
                    positions=instr.positions,
                    optype=instr.optype,
                    has_arg=instr.has_arg,
                    inst_size=instr.inst_size,
                    has_extended_arg=instr.has_extended_arg,
                    tos_str=instr.tos_str,
                    fallthrough=instr.fallthrough,
                    start_offset=instr.start_offset,
                )
                extended_arg_starts_line = None

            if extended_arg_jump_target_offset is not None:
                instr = Instruction(
                    opcode=instr.opcode,
                    opname=instr.opname,
                    arg=instr.arg,
                    argval=instr.argval,
                    argrepr=instr.argrepr,
                    offset=extended_arg_jump_target_offset,
                    starts_line=extended_arg_starts_line,
                    is_jump_target=True,
                    positions=instr.positions,
                    optype=instr.optype,
                    has_arg=instr.has_arg,
                    inst_size=instr.inst_size,
                    has_extended_arg=instr.has_extended_arg,
                    tos_str=instr.tos_str,
                    fallthrough=instr.fallthrough,
                    start_offset=instr.start_offset,
                )
                extended_arg_jump_target_offset = None

            instructions.append(instr)
            new_source_line = show_lineno and (
                extended_arg_starts_line
                or instr.starts_line is not None
                and instr.offset > 0
            )
            if new_source_line:
                file.write("\n")
                show_source_text(
                    extended_arg_starts_line
                    if extended_arg_starts_line
                    else instr.starts_line
                )

            is_current_instr = instr.offset == lasti

            # Python 3.11 introduces "CACHE" and the convention seems to be
            # to not print these normally.
            if instr.opname == "CACHE" and asm_format not in (
                "extended_bytes",
                "bytes",
            ):
                continue

            file.write(
                instr.disassemble(
                    self.opc,
                    line_starts,
                    lineno_width,
                    is_current_instr,
                    asm_format,
                    instructions,
                )
                + "\n"
            )

            # Python bytecode before 1.4 has a RESERVE_FAST instruction that
            # store STORE_FAST and LOAD_FAST instructions in a different area
            # currently we can't track names in this area, but instead use
            # locals and hope the two are the same.
            if instr.opname == "RESERVE_FAST":
                file.write(
                    "# Warning: subsequent LOAD_FAST and STORE_FAST after RESERVE_FAST "
                    "are inaccurate here in Python before 1.5\n"
                )
            pass
        return instructions

    def get_instructions(self, x, first_line=None):
        """Iterator for the opcodes in methods, functions or code

        Generates a series of Instruction named tuples giving the details of
        each operation in the supplied code.

        If *first_line* is not None, it indicates the line number that should
        be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.
        Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from
        the disassembled code object.
        """
        co = get_code_object(x)
        cell_names = co.co_cellvars + co.co_freevars
        line_starts = dict(self.opc.findlinestarts(co))
        if first_line is not None:
            line_offset = first_line - co.co_firstlineno
        else:
            line_offset = 0
        return get_instructions_bytes(
            co.co_code,
            self.opc,
            co.co_varnames,
            co.co_names,
            co.co_consts,
            cell_names,
            line_starts,
            line_offset,
        )


def list2bytecode(inst_list: Iterable, opc, varnames: str, consts: Tuple[None, int]) -> bytes:
    """Convert list/tuple of list/tuples to bytecode
    _names_ contains a list of name objects
    """
    bc = []
    for i, opcodes in enumerate(inst_list):
        opname = opcodes[0]
        operands = opcodes[1:]
        if opname not in opc.opname:
            raise TypeError(
                "error at item %d [%s, %s], opcode not valid" % (i, opname, operands)
            )
        opcode = opc.opmap[opname]
        bc.append(opcode)
        print(opname, operands)
        gen = (j for j in operands if operands)
        for j in gen:
            k = (consts if opcode in opc.CONST_OPS else varnames).index(j)
            if k == -1:
                raise TypeError(
                    f"operand {i} [{opname}, {operands}], not found in names"
                )
            else:
                bc += num2code(k)
                pass
            pass
        pass

    return bytes(bc)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    import xdis.opcodes.opcode_27 as opcode_27
    import xdis.opcodes.opcode_34 as opcode_34
    import xdis.opcodes.opcode_36 as opcode_36
    from xdis.version_info import PYTHON3

    my_constants = (None, 2)
    var_names = "a"
    instructions = [
        ("LOAD_CONST", 2),
        ("STORE_FAST", "a"),
        ("LOAD_FAST", "a"),
        ("RETURN_VALUE",),
    ]

    def f() -> int:
        a = 2
        return a

    if PYTHON3:
        print(f.__code__.co_code)
    else:
        print(f.func_code.co_code)

    bc = list2bytecode(instructions, opcode_27, var_names, my_constants)
    print(bc)
    bc = list2bytecode(instructions, opcode_34, var_names, my_constants)
    print(bc)
    bc = list2bytecode(instructions, opcode_36, var_names, my_constants)
    print(bc)