xhs-note-crawling/python/py/Lib/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py

"""Base geometry class and utilities.

Note: a third, z, coordinate value may be used when constructing
geometry objects, but has no effect on geometric analysis. All
operations are performed in the x-y plane. Thus, geometries with
different z values may intersect or be equal.
"""

import re
from warnings import warn

import numpy as np

import shapely
from shapely._geometry_helpers import _geom_factory
from shapely.constructive import BufferCapStyle, BufferJoinStyle
from shapely.coords import CoordinateSequence
from shapely.decorators import deprecate_positional
from shapely.errors import GeometryTypeError, GEOSException, ShapelyDeprecationWarning

GEOMETRY_TYPES = [
    "Point",
    "LineString",
    "LinearRing",
    "Polygon",
    "MultiPoint",
    "MultiLineString",
    "MultiPolygon",
    "GeometryCollection",
]

_geos_ge_312 = shapely.geos_version >= (3, 12, 0)


def geom_factory(g, parent=None):
    """Create a Shapely geometry instance from a pointer to a GEOS geometry.

    .. warning::
        The GEOS library used to create the the GEOS geometry pointer
        and the GEOS library used by Shapely must be exactly the same, or
        unexpected results or segfaults may occur.

    .. deprecated:: 2.0
        Deprecated in Shapely 2.0, and will be removed in a future version.
    """
    warn(
        "The 'geom_factory' function is deprecated in Shapely 2.0, and will be "
        "removed in a future version",
        FutureWarning,
        stacklevel=2,
    )
    return _geom_factory(g)


def dump_coords(geom):
    """Dump coordinates of a geometry in the same order as data packing."""
    if not isinstance(geom, BaseGeometry):
        raise ValueError(
            "Must be instance of a geometry class; found " + geom.__class__.__name__
        )
    elif geom.geom_type in ("Point", "LineString", "LinearRing"):
        return geom.coords[:]
    elif geom.geom_type == "Polygon":
        return geom.exterior.coords[:] + [i.coords[:] for i in geom.interiors]
    elif geom.geom_type.startswith("Multi") or geom.geom_type == "GeometryCollection":
        # Recursive call
        return [dump_coords(part) for part in geom.geoms]
    else:
        raise GeometryTypeError("Unhandled geometry type: " + repr(geom.geom_type))


def _maybe_unpack(result):
    if result.ndim == 0:
        # convert numpy 0-d array / scalar to python scalar
        return result.item()
    else:
        # >=1 dim array
        return result


class CAP_STYLE:
    """Buffer cap styles."""

    round = BufferCapStyle.round
    flat = BufferCapStyle.flat
    square = BufferCapStyle.square


class JOIN_STYLE:
    """Buffer join styles."""

    round = BufferJoinStyle.round
    mitre = BufferJoinStyle.mitre
    bevel = BufferJoinStyle.bevel


class BaseGeometry(shapely.Geometry):
    """Provides GEOS spatial predicates and topological operations."""

    __slots__ = []

    def __new__(self):
        """Directly calling the base class 'BaseGeometry()' is deprecated.

        This will raise an error in the future. To create an empty geometry,
        use one of the subclasses instead, for example 'GeometryCollection()'
        """
        warn(
            "Directly calling the base class 'BaseGeometry()' is deprecated, and "
            "will raise an error in the future. To create an empty geometry, "
            "use one of the subclasses instead, for example 'GeometryCollection()'.",
            ShapelyDeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return shapely.from_wkt("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY")

    @property
    def _ndim(self):
        return shapely.get_coordinate_dimension(self)

    def __bool__(self):
        """Return True if the geometry is not empty, else False."""
        return self.is_empty is False

    def __nonzero__(self):
        """Return True if the geometry is not empty, else False."""
        return self.__bool__()

    def __format__(self, format_spec):
        """Format a geometry using a format specification."""
        # bypass regexp for simple cases
        if format_spec == "":
            return shapely.to_wkt(self, rounding_precision=-1)
        elif format_spec == "x":
            return shapely.to_wkb(self, hex=True).lower()
        elif format_spec == "X":
            return shapely.to_wkb(self, hex=True)

        # fmt: off
        format_spec_regexp = (
            "(?:0?\\.(?P<prec>[0-9]+))?"
            "(?P<fmt_code>[fFgGxX]?)"
        )
        # fmt: on
        match = re.fullmatch(format_spec_regexp, format_spec)
        if match is None:
            raise ValueError(f"invalid format specifier: {format_spec}")

        prec, fmt_code = match.groups()

        if prec:
            prec = int(prec)
        else:
            # GEOS has a default rounding_precision -1
            prec = -1

        if not fmt_code:
            fmt_code = "g"

        if fmt_code in ("g", "G"):
            res = shapely.to_wkt(self, rounding_precision=prec, trim=True)
        elif fmt_code in ("f", "F"):
            res = shapely.to_wkt(self, rounding_precision=prec, trim=False)
        elif fmt_code in ("x", "X"):
            raise ValueError("hex representation does not specify precision")
        else:
            raise NotImplementedError(f"unhandled fmt_code: {fmt_code}")

        if fmt_code.isupper():
            return res.upper()
        else:
            return res

    def __repr__(self):
        """Return a string representation of the geometry."""
        try:
            wkt = super().__str__()
        except (GEOSException, ValueError):
            # we never want a repr() to fail; that can be very confusing
            return f"<shapely.{self.__class__.__name__} Exception in WKT writer>"

        # the total length is limited to 80 characters including brackets
        max_length = 78
        if len(wkt) > max_length:
            return f"<{wkt[: max_length - 3]}...>"

        return f"<{wkt}>"

    def __str__(self):
        """Return a string representation of the geometry."""
        return self.wkt

    def __reduce__(self):
        """Pickle support."""
        return (shapely.from_wkb, (shapely.to_wkb(self, include_srid=True),))

    # Operators
    # ---------

    def __and__(self, other):
        """Return the intersection of the geometries."""
        return self.intersection(other)

    def __or__(self, other):
        """Return the union of the geometries."""
        return self.union(other)

    def __sub__(self, other):
        """Return the difference of the geometries."""
        return self.difference(other)

    def __xor__(self, other):
        """Return the symmetric difference of the geometries."""
        return self.symmetric_difference(other)

    # Coordinate access
    # -----------------

    @property
    def coords(self):
        """Access to geometry's coordinates (CoordinateSequence)."""
        has_z = self.has_z
        has_m = self.has_m if _geos_ge_312 else False
        coords_array = shapely.get_coordinates(self, include_z=has_z, include_m=has_m)
        return CoordinateSequence(coords_array)

    @property
    def xy(self):
        """Separate arrays of X and Y coordinate values."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    # Python feature protocol

    @property
    def __geo_interface__(self):
        """Dictionary representation of the geometry."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    # Type of geometry and its representations
    # ----------------------------------------

    def geometryType(self):
        """Get the geometry type (deprecated).

        .. deprecated:: 2.0
           Use the :py:attr:`geom_type` attribute instead.
        """
        warn(
            "The 'GeometryType()' method is deprecated, and will be removed in "
            "the future. You can use the 'geom_type' attribute instead.",
            ShapelyDeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.geom_type

    @property
    def type(self):
        """Get the geometry type (deprecated).

        .. deprecated:: 2.0
           Use the :py:attr:`geom_type` attribute instead.
        """
        warn(
            "The 'type' attribute is deprecated, and will be removed in "
            "the future. You can use the 'geom_type' attribute instead.",
            ShapelyDeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.geom_type

    @property
    def wkt(self):
        """WKT representation of the geometry."""
        # TODO(shapely-2.0) keep default of not trimming?
        return shapely.to_wkt(self, rounding_precision=-1)

    @property
    def wkb(self):
        """WKB representation of the geometry."""
        return shapely.to_wkb(self)

    @property
    def wkb_hex(self):
        """WKB hex representation of the geometry."""
        return shapely.to_wkb(self, hex=True)

    def svg(self, scale_factor=1.0, **kwargs):
        """Raise NotImplementedError."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def _repr_svg_(self):
        """SVG representation for iPython notebook."""
        svg_top = (
            '<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" '
            'xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" '
        )
        if self.is_empty:
            return svg_top + "/>"
        else:
            # Establish SVG canvas that will fit all the data + small space
            xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = self.bounds
            if xmin == xmax and ymin == ymax:
                # This is a point; buffer using an arbitrary size
                xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = self.buffer(1).bounds
            else:
                # Expand bounds by a fraction of the data ranges
                expand = 0.04  # or 4%, same as R plots
                widest_part = max([xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin])
                expand_amount = widest_part * expand
                xmin -= expand_amount
                ymin -= expand_amount
                xmax += expand_amount
                ymax += expand_amount
            dx = xmax - xmin
            dy = ymax - ymin
            width = min([max([100.0, dx]), 300])
            height = min([max([100.0, dy]), 300])
            try:
                scale_factor = max([dx, dy]) / max([width, height])
            except ZeroDivisionError:
                scale_factor = 1.0
            view_box = f"{xmin} {ymin} {dx} {dy}"
            transform = f"matrix(1,0,0,-1,0,{ymax + ymin})"
            return (
                f'{svg_top}width="{width}" height="{height}" viewBox="{view_box}" '
                'preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet">'
                f'<g transform="{transform}">{self.svg(scale_factor)}</g></svg>'
            )

    @property
    def geom_type(self):
        """Name of the geometry's type, such as 'Point'."""
        return GEOMETRY_TYPES[shapely.get_type_id(self)]

    # Real-valued properties and methods
    # ----------------------------------

    @property
    def area(self):
        """Unitless area of the geometry (float)."""
        return float(shapely.area(self))

    def distance(self, other):
        """Unitless distance to other geometry (float)."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.distance(self, other))

    def hausdorff_distance(self, other):
        """Unitless hausdorff distance to other geometry (float)."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.hausdorff_distance(self, other))

    @property
    def length(self):
        """Unitless length of the geometry (float)."""
        return float(shapely.length(self))

    @property
    def minimum_clearance(self):
        """Unitless distance a node can be moved to produce an invalid geometry (float)."""  # noqa: E501
        return float(shapely.minimum_clearance(self))

    # Topological properties
    # ----------------------

    @property
    def boundary(self):
        """Return a lower dimension geometry that bounds the object.

        The boundary of a polygon is a line, the boundary of a line is a
        collection of points. The boundary of a point is an empty (null)
        collection.
        """
        return shapely.boundary(self)

    @property
    def bounds(self):
        """Return minimum bounding region (minx, miny, maxx, maxy)."""
        return tuple(shapely.bounds(self).tolist())

    @property
    def centroid(self):
        """Return the geometric center of the object."""
        return shapely.centroid(self)

    def point_on_surface(self):
        """Return a point guaranteed to be within the object, cheaply.

        Alias of `representative_point`.
        """
        return shapely.point_on_surface(self)

    def representative_point(self):
        """Return a point guaranteed to be within the object, cheaply.

        Alias of `point_on_surface`.
        """
        return shapely.point_on_surface(self)

    @property
    def convex_hull(self):
        """Return the convex hull of the geometry.

        Imagine an elastic band stretched around the geometry: that's a convex
        hull, more or less.

        The convex hull of a three member multipoint, for example, is a
        triangular polygon.
        """
        return shapely.convex_hull(self)

    @property
    def envelope(self):
        """A figure that envelopes the geometry."""
        return shapely.envelope(self)

    @property
    def oriented_envelope(self):
        """Return the oriented envelope (minimum rotated rectangle) of a geometry.

        The oriented envelope encloses an input geometry, such that the resulting
        rectangle has minimum area.

        Unlike envelope this rectangle is not constrained to be parallel to the
        coordinate axes. If the convex hull of the object is a degenerate (line
        or point) this degenerate is returned.

        The starting point of the rectangle is not fixed. You can use
        :func:`~shapely.normalize` to reorganize the rectangle to
        :ref:`strict canonical form <canonical-form>` so the starting point is
        always the lower left point.

        Alias of `minimum_rotated_rectangle`.
        """
        return shapely.oriented_envelope(self)

    @property
    def minimum_rotated_rectangle(self):
        """Return the oriented envelope (minimum rotated rectangle) of the geometry.

        The oriented envelope encloses an input geometry, such that the resulting
        rectangle has minimum area.

        Unlike `envelope` this rectangle is not constrained to be parallel to the
        coordinate axes. If the convex hull of the object is a degenerate (line
        or point) this degenerate is returned.

        The starting point of the rectangle is not fixed. You can use
        :func:`~shapely.normalize` to reorganize the rectangle to
        :ref:`strict canonical form <canonical-form>` so the starting point is
        always the lower left point.

        Alias of `oriented_envelope`.
        """
        return shapely.oriented_envelope(self)

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   buffer(self, geometry, distance, quad_segs=16, cap_style="round", ...)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'cap_style', etc.
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'quad_segs'
    #   buffer(self, geometry, distance, quad_segs=16, *, cap_style="round", ...)
    @deprecate_positional(
        ["cap_style", "join_style", "mitre_limit", "single_sided"],
        category=DeprecationWarning,
    )
    def buffer(
        self,
        distance,
        quad_segs=16,
        cap_style="round",
        join_style="round",
        mitre_limit=5.0,
        single_sided=False,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """Get a geometry that represents all points within a distance of this geometry.

        A positive distance produces a dilation, a negative distance an
        erosion. A very small or zero distance may sometimes be used to
        "tidy" a polygon.

        Parameters
        ----------
        distance : float
            The distance to buffer around the object.
        quad_segs : int, optional
            Sets the number of line segments used to approximate an
            angle fillet.
        cap_style : shapely.BufferCapStyle or {'round', 'square', 'flat'}, default 'round'
            Specifies the shape of buffered line endings. BufferCapStyle.round
            ('round') results in circular line endings (see ``quad_segs``). Both
            BufferCapStyle.square ('square') and BufferCapStyle.flat ('flat')
            result in rectangular line endings, only BufferCapStyle.flat
            ('flat') will end at the original vertex, while
            BufferCapStyle.square ('square') involves adding the buffer width.
        join_style : shapely.BufferJoinStyle or {'round', 'mitre', 'bevel'}, default 'round'
            Specifies the shape of buffered line midpoints.
            BufferJoinStyle.ROUND ('round') results in rounded shapes.
            BufferJoinStyle.bevel ('bevel') results in a beveled edge that
            touches the original vertex. BufferJoinStyle.mitre ('mitre') results
            in a single vertex that is beveled depending on the ``mitre_limit``
            parameter.
        mitre_limit : float, optional
            The mitre limit ratio is used for very sharp corners. The
            mitre ratio is the ratio of the distance from the corner to
            the end of the mitred offset corner. When two line segments
            meet at a sharp angle, a miter join will extend the original
            geometry. To prevent unreasonable geometry, the mitre limit
            allows controlling the maximum length of the join corner.
            Corners with a ratio which exceed the limit will be beveled.
        single_sided : bool, optional
            The side used is determined by the sign of the buffer
            distance:

                a positive distance indicates the left-hand side
                a negative distance indicates the right-hand side

            The single-sided buffer of point geometries is the same as
            the regular buffer.  The End Cap Style for single-sided
            buffers is always ignored, and forced to the equivalent of
            CAP_FLAT.
        quadsegs, resolution : int, optional
            Deprecated aliases for `quad_segs`.
        **kwargs : dict, optional
            For backwards compatibility of renamed parameters. If an unsupported
            kwarg is passed, a `ValueError` will be raised.

        Returns
        -------
        Geometry

        Notes
        -----
        The return value is a strictly two-dimensional geometry. All
        Z coordinates of the original geometry will be ignored.

        .. deprecated:: 2.1.0
            A deprecation warning is shown if ``quad_segs``,  ``cap_style``,
            ``join_style``, ``mitre_limit`` or ``single_sided`` are
            specified as positional arguments. In a future release, these will
            need to be specified as keyword arguments.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import BufferCapStyle
        >>> from shapely.wkt import loads
        >>> g = loads('POINT (0.0 0.0)')

        16-gon approx of a unit radius circle:

        >>> g.buffer(1.0).area
        3.1365484905459398

        128-gon approximation:

        >>> g.buffer(1.0, 128).area
        3.1415138011443013

        triangle approximation:

        >>> g.buffer(1.0, 3).area
        3.0
        >>> list(g.buffer(1.0, cap_style=BufferCapStyle.square).exterior.coords)
        [(1.0, 1.0), (1.0, -1.0), (-1.0, -1.0), (-1.0, 1.0), (1.0, 1.0)]
        >>> g.buffer(1.0, cap_style=BufferCapStyle.square).area
        4.0

        """  # noqa: E501
        quadsegs = kwargs.pop("quadsegs", None)
        if quadsegs is not None:
            warn(
                "The `quadsegs` argument is deprecated. Use `quad_segs` instead.",
                FutureWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            quad_segs = quadsegs

        resolution = kwargs.pop("resolution", None)
        if resolution is not None:
            warn(
                "The 'resolution' argument is deprecated. Use 'quad_segs' instead",
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
            quad_segs = resolution
        if kwargs:
            kwarg = list(kwargs.keys())[0]  # noqa
            raise TypeError(f"buffer() got an unexpected keyword argument '{kwarg}'")

        if mitre_limit == 0.0:
            raise ValueError("Cannot compute offset from zero-length line segment")
        elif not np.isfinite(distance).all():
            raise ValueError("buffer distance must be finite")

        return shapely.buffer(
            self,
            distance,
            quad_segs=quad_segs,
            cap_style=cap_style,
            join_style=join_style,
            mitre_limit=mitre_limit,
            single_sided=single_sided,
        )

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   simplify(self, tolerance, preserve_topology=True)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'preserve_topology'
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'tolerance'
    #   simplify(self, tolerance, *, preserve_topology=True)

    @deprecate_positional(["preserve_topology"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def simplify(self, tolerance, preserve_topology=True):
        """Return a simplified geometry produced by the Douglas-Peucker algorithm.

        Coordinates of the simplified geometry will be no more than the
        tolerance distance from the original. Unless the topology preserving
        option is used, the algorithm may produce self-intersecting or
        otherwise invalid geometries.
        """
        return shapely.simplify(self, tolerance, preserve_topology=preserve_topology)

    def normalize(self):
        """Convert geometry to normal form (or canonical form).

        This method orders the coordinates, rings of a polygon and parts of
        multi geometries consistently. Typically useful for testing purposes
        (for example in combination with `equals_exact`).

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import MultiLineString
        >>> line = MultiLineString([[(0, 0), (1, 1)], [(3, 3), (2, 2)]])
        >>> line.normalize()
        <MULTILINESTRING ((2 2, 3 3), (0 0, 1 1))>

        """
        return shapely.normalize(self)

    # Overlay operations
    # ---------------------------

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   difference(self, other, grid_size=None)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'grid_size' arg
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   difference(self, other, *, grid_size=None)

    @deprecate_positional(["grid_size"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def difference(self, other, grid_size=None):
        """Return the difference of the geometries.

        Refer to `shapely.difference` for full documentation.
        """
        return shapely.difference(self, other, grid_size=grid_size)

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   intersection(self, other, grid_size=None)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'grid_size' arg
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   intersection(self, other, *, grid_size=None)

    @deprecate_positional(["grid_size"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def intersection(self, other, grid_size=None):
        """Return the intersection of the geometries.

        Refer to `shapely.intersection` for full documentation.
        """
        return shapely.intersection(self, other, grid_size=grid_size)

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   symmetric_difference(self, other, grid_size=None)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'grid_size' arg
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   symmetric_difference(self, other, *, grid_size=None)

    @deprecate_positional(["grid_size"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def symmetric_difference(self, other, grid_size=None):
        """Return the symmetric difference of the geometries.

        Refer to `shapely.symmetric_difference` for full documentation.
        """
        return shapely.symmetric_difference(self, other, grid_size=grid_size)

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   union(self, other, grid_size=None)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'grid_size' arg
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   union(self, other, *, grid_size=None)

    @deprecate_positional(["grid_size"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def union(self, other, grid_size=None):
        """Return the union of the geometries.

        Refer to `shapely.union` for full documentation.
        """
        return shapely.union(self, other, grid_size=grid_size)

    # Unary predicates
    # ----------------

    @property
    def has_z(self):
        """True if the geometry's coordinate sequence(s) have z values."""
        return bool(shapely.has_z(self))

    @property
    def has_m(self):
        """True if the geometry's coordinate sequence(s) have m values."""
        return bool(shapely.has_m(self))

    @property
    def is_empty(self):
        """True if the set of points in this geometry is empty, else False."""
        return bool(shapely.is_empty(self))

    @property
    def is_ring(self):
        """True if the geometry is a closed ring, else False."""
        return bool(shapely.is_ring(self))

    @property
    def is_closed(self):
        """True if the geometry is closed, else False.

        Applicable only to linear geometries.
        """
        if self.geom_type == "LinearRing":
            return True
        return bool(shapely.is_closed(self))

    @property
    def is_simple(self):
        """True if the geometry is simple.

        Simple means that any self-intersections are only at boundary points.
        """
        return bool(shapely.is_simple(self))

    @property
    def is_valid(self):
        """True if the geometry is valid.

        The definition depends on sub-class.
        """
        return bool(shapely.is_valid(self))

    # Binary predicates
    # -----------------

    def relate(self, other):
        """Return the DE-9IM intersection matrix for the two geometries (string)."""
        return shapely.relate(self, other)

    def covers(self, other):
        """Return True if the geometry covers the other, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.covers(self, other))

    def covered_by(self, other):
        """Return True if the geometry is covered by the other, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.covered_by(self, other))

    def contains(self, other):
        """Return True if the geometry contains the other, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains(self, other))

    def contains_properly(self, other):
        """Return True if the geometry completely contains the other.

        There should be no common boundary points.

        Refer to `shapely.contains_properly` for full documentation.
        """
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.contains_properly(self, other))

    def crosses(self, other):
        """Return True if the geometries cross, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.crosses(self, other))

    def disjoint(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries are disjoint, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.disjoint(self, other))

    def equals(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries are equal, else False.

        This method considers point-set equality (or topological
        equality), and is equivalent to (self.within(other) &
        self.contains(other)).

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import LineString
        >>> LineString(
        ...     [(0, 0), (2, 2)]
        ... ).equals(
        ...     LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)])
        ... )
        True

        Returns
        -------
        bool

        """
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.equals(self, other))

    def intersects(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries intersect, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.intersects(self, other))

    def overlaps(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries overlap, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.overlaps(self, other))

    def touches(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries touch, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.touches(self, other))

    def within(self, other):
        """Return True if geometry is within the other, else False."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.within(self, other))

    def dwithin(self, other, distance):
        """Return True if geometry is within a given distance from the other.

        Refer to `shapely.dwithin` for full documentation.
        """
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.dwithin(self, other, distance))

    def equals_exact(self, other, tolerance=0.0, *, normalize=False):
        """Return True if the geometries are equivalent within the tolerance.

        Refer to :func:`~shapely.equals_exact` for full documentation.

        Parameters
        ----------
        other : BaseGeometry
            The other geometry object in this comparison.
        tolerance : float, optional (default: 0.)
            Absolute tolerance in the same units as coordinates.
        normalize : bool, optional (default: False)
            If True, normalize the two geometries so that the coordinates are
            in the same order.

            .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import LineString
        >>> LineString(
        ...     [(0, 0), (2, 2)]
        ... ).equals_exact(
        ...     LineString([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)]),
        ...     1e-6
        ... )
        False

        Returns
        -------
        bool

        """
        return _maybe_unpack(
            shapely.equals_exact(self, other, tolerance, normalize=normalize)
        )

    def relate_pattern(self, other, pattern):
        """Return True if the DE-9IM relationship code satisfies the pattern."""
        return _maybe_unpack(shapely.relate_pattern(self, other, pattern))

    # Linear referencing
    # ------------------

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   line_locate_point(self, other, normalized=False)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'normalized'
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   line_locate_point(self, other, *, normalized=False)

    @deprecate_positional(["normalized"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def line_locate_point(self, other, normalized=False):
        """Return the distance of this geometry to a point nearest the specified point.

        If the normalized arg is True, return the distance normalized to the
        length of the linear geometry.

        Alias of `project`.
        """
        return _maybe_unpack(
            shapely.line_locate_point(self, other, normalized=normalized)
        )

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   project(self, other, normalized=False)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'normalized'
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'other'
    #   project(self, other, *, normalized=False)

    @deprecate_positional(["normalized"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def project(self, other, normalized=False):
        """Return the distance of geometry to a point nearest the specified point.

        If the normalized arg is True, return the distance normalized to the
        length of the linear geometry.

        Alias of `line_locate_point`.
        """
        return _maybe_unpack(
            shapely.line_locate_point(self, other, normalized=normalized)
        )

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   line_interpolate_point(self, distance, normalized=False)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'normalized'
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'distance'
    #   line_interpolate_point(self, distance, *, normalized=False)

    @deprecate_positional(["normalized"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def line_interpolate_point(self, distance, normalized=False):
        """Return a point at the specified distance along a linear geometry.

        Negative length values are taken as measured in the reverse
        direction from the end of the geometry. Out-of-range index
        values are handled by clamping them to the valid range of values.
        If the normalized arg is True, the distance will be interpreted as a
        fraction of the geometry's length.

        Alias of `interpolate`.
        """
        return shapely.line_interpolate_point(self, distance, normalized=normalized)

    # Note: future plan is to change this signature over a few releases:
    # shapely 2.0:
    #   interpolate(self, distance, normalized=False)
    # shapely 2.1: shows deprecation warning about positional 'normalized'
    #   same signature as 2.0
    # shapely 2.2(?): enforce keyword-only arguments after 'distance'
    #   interpolate(self, distance, *, normalized=False)

    @deprecate_positional(["normalized"], category=DeprecationWarning)
    def interpolate(self, distance, normalized=False):
        """Return a point at the specified distance along a linear geometry.

        Negative length values are taken as measured in the reverse
        direction from the end of the geometry. Out-of-range index
        values are handled by clamping them to the valid range of values.
        If the normalized arg is True, the distance will be interpreted as a
        fraction of the geometry's length.

        Alias of `line_interpolate_point`.
        """
        return shapely.line_interpolate_point(self, distance, normalized=normalized)

    def segmentize(self, max_segment_length):
        """Add vertices to line segments based on maximum segment length.

        Additional vertices will be added to every line segment in an input geometry
        so that segments are no longer than the provided maximum segment length. New
        vertices will evenly subdivide each segment.

        Only linear components of input geometries are densified; other geometries
        are returned unmodified.

        Parameters
        ----------
        max_segment_length : float or array_like
            Additional vertices will be added so that all line segments are no
            longer this value.  Must be greater than 0.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import LineString, Polygon
        >>> LineString([(0, 0), (0, 10)]).segmentize(max_segment_length=5)
        <LINESTRING (0 0, 0 5, 0 10)>
        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (10, 0), (10, 10), (0, 10), (0, 0)]).segmentize(max_segment_length=5)
        <POLYGON ((0 0, 5 0, 10 0, 10 5, 10 10, 5 10, 0 10, 0 5, 0 0))>

        """  # noqa: E501
        return shapely.segmentize(self, max_segment_length)

    def reverse(self):
        """Return a copy of this geometry with the order of coordinates reversed.

        If the geometry is a polygon with interior rings, the interior rings are also
        reversed.

        Points are unchanged.

        See Also
        --------
        is_ccw : Checks if a geometry is clockwise.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> from shapely import LineString, Polygon
        >>> LineString([(0, 0), (1, 2)]).reverse()
        <LINESTRING (1 2, 0 0)>
        >>> Polygon([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (0, 0)]).reverse()
        <POLYGON ((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0))>

        """
        return shapely.reverse(self)


class BaseMultipartGeometry(BaseGeometry):
    """Base class for collections of multiple geometries."""

    __slots__ = []

    @property
    def coords(self):
        """Not implemented.

        Sub-geometries may have coordinate sequences, but multi-part geometries
        do not.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError(
            "Sub-geometries may have coordinate sequences, "
            "but multi-part geometries do not"
        )

    @property
    def geoms(self):
        """Access to the contained geometries."""
        return GeometrySequence(self)

    def __bool__(self):
        """Return True if the geometry is not empty, else False."""
        return self.is_empty is False

    def __eq__(self, other):
        """Return True if geometries are equal, else False."""
        if not isinstance(other, BaseGeometry):
            return NotImplemented
        return (
            type(other) is type(self)
            and len(self.geoms) == len(other.geoms)
            and all(a == b for a, b in zip(self.geoms, other.geoms))
        )

    def __hash__(self):
        """Return the hash value of the geometry."""
        return super().__hash__()

    def svg(self, scale_factor=1.0, color=None):
        """Return a group of SVG elements for the multipart geometry.

        Parameters
        ----------
        scale_factor : float
            Multiplication factor for the SVG stroke-width.  Default is 1.
        color : str, optional
            Hex string for stroke or fill color. Default is to use "#66cc99"
            if geometry is valid, and "#ff3333" if invalid.

        """
        if self.is_empty:
            return "<g />"
        if color is None:
            color = "#66cc99" if self.is_valid else "#ff3333"
        return "<g>" + "".join(p.svg(scale_factor, color) for p in self.geoms) + "</g>"


class GeometrySequence:
    """Iterative access to members of a homogeneous multipart geometry."""

    # Attributes
    # ----------
    # _parent : object
    #     Parent (Shapely) geometry
    _parent = None

    def __init__(self, parent):
        """Initialize the sequence with a parent geometry."""
        self._parent = parent

    def _get_geom_item(self, i):
        return shapely.get_geometry(self._parent, i)

    def __iter__(self):
        """Iterate over the geometries in the sequence."""
        for i in range(self.__len__()):
            yield self._get_geom_item(i)

    def __len__(self):
        """Return the number of geometries in the sequence."""
        return shapely.get_num_geometries(self._parent)

    def __getitem__(self, key):
        """Access a geometry in the sequence by index or slice."""
        m = self.__len__()
        if isinstance(key, (int, np.integer)):
            if key + m < 0 or key >= m:
                raise IndexError("index out of range")
            if key < 0:
                i = m + key
            else:
                i = key
            return self._get_geom_item(i)
        elif isinstance(key, slice):
            res = []
            start, stop, stride = key.indices(m)
            for i in range(start, stop, stride):
                res.append(self._get_geom_item(i))
            return type(self._parent)(res or None)
        else:
            raise TypeError("key must be an index or slice")


class EmptyGeometry(BaseGeometry):
    """An empty geometry."""

    def __new__(self):
        """Create an empty geometry."""
        warn(
            "The 'EmptyGeometry()' constructor to create an empty geometry is "
            "deprecated, and will raise an error in the future. Use one of the "
            "geometry subclasses instead, for example 'GeometryCollection()'.",
            ShapelyDeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return shapely.from_wkt("GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY")