xhs-note-crawling/python/py/Lib/site-packages/numpy/polynomial/tests/test_polynomial.py

"""Tests for polynomial module.

"""
import pickle
from copy import deepcopy
from fractions import Fraction
from functools import reduce

import pytest

import numpy as np
import numpy.polynomial.polynomial as poly
from numpy.testing import (
    assert_,
    assert_almost_equal,
    assert_array_equal,
    assert_equal,
    assert_raises,
    assert_raises_regex,
)


def trim(x):
    return poly.polytrim(x, tol=1e-6)


T0 = [1]
T1 = [0, 1]
T2 = [-1, 0, 2]
T3 = [0, -3, 0, 4]
T4 = [1, 0, -8, 0, 8]
T5 = [0, 5, 0, -20, 0, 16]
T6 = [-1, 0, 18, 0, -48, 0, 32]
T7 = [0, -7, 0, 56, 0, -112, 0, 64]
T8 = [1, 0, -32, 0, 160, 0, -256, 0, 128]
T9 = [0, 9, 0, -120, 0, 432, 0, -576, 0, 256]

Tlist = [T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9]


class TestConstants:

    def test_polydomain(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polydomain, [-1, 1])

    def test_polyzero(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polyzero, [0])

    def test_polyone(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polyone, [1])

    def test_polyx(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polyx, [0, 1])

    def test_copy(self):
        x = poly.Polynomial([1, 2, 3])
        y = deepcopy(x)
        assert_equal(x, y)

    def test_pickle(self):
        x = poly.Polynomial([1, 2, 3])
        y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x))
        assert_equal(x, y)

class TestArithmetic:

    def test_polyadd(self):
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(5):
                msg = f"At i={i}, j={j}"
                tgt = np.zeros(max(i, j) + 1)
                tgt[i] += 1
                tgt[j] += 1
                res = poly.polyadd([0] * i + [1], [0] * j + [1])
                assert_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt), err_msg=msg)

    def test_polysub(self):
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(5):
                msg = f"At i={i}, j={j}"
                tgt = np.zeros(max(i, j) + 1)
                tgt[i] += 1
                tgt[j] -= 1
                res = poly.polysub([0] * i + [1], [0] * j + [1])
                assert_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt), err_msg=msg)

    def test_polymulx(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polymulx([0]), [0])
        assert_equal(poly.polymulx([1]), [0, 1])
        for i in range(1, 5):
            ser = [0] * i + [1]
            tgt = [0] * (i + 1) + [1]
            assert_equal(poly.polymulx(ser), tgt)

    def test_polymul(self):
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(5):
                msg = f"At i={i}, j={j}"
                tgt = np.zeros(i + j + 1)
                tgt[i + j] += 1
                res = poly.polymul([0] * i + [1], [0] * j + [1])
                assert_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt), err_msg=msg)

    def test_polydiv(self):
        # check zero division
        assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, poly.polydiv, [1], [0])

        # check scalar division
        quo, rem = poly.polydiv([2], [2])
        assert_equal((quo, rem), (1, 0))
        quo, rem = poly.polydiv([2, 2], [2])
        assert_equal((quo, rem), ((1, 1), 0))

        # check rest.
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(5):
                msg = f"At i={i}, j={j}"
                ci = [0] * i + [1, 2]
                cj = [0] * j + [1, 2]
                tgt = poly.polyadd(ci, cj)
                quo, rem = poly.polydiv(tgt, ci)
                res = poly.polyadd(poly.polymul(quo, ci), rem)
                assert_equal(res, tgt, err_msg=msg)

    def test_polypow(self):
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(5):
                msg = f"At i={i}, j={j}"
                c = np.arange(i + 1)
                tgt = reduce(poly.polymul, [c] * j, np.array([1]))
                res = poly.polypow(c, j)
                assert_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt), err_msg=msg)

class TestFraction:

    def test_Fraction(self):
        # assert we can use Polynomials with coefficients of object dtype
        f = Fraction(2, 3)
        one = Fraction(1, 1)
        zero = Fraction(0, 1)
        p = poly.Polynomial([f, f], domain=[zero, one], window=[zero, one])

        x = 2 * p + p ** 2
        assert_equal(x.coef, np.array([Fraction(16, 9), Fraction(20, 9),
                                       Fraction(4, 9)], dtype=object))
        assert_equal(p.domain, [zero, one])
        assert_equal(p.coef.dtype, np.dtypes.ObjectDType())
        assert_(isinstance(p(f), Fraction))
        assert_equal(p(f), Fraction(10, 9))
        p_deriv = poly.Polynomial([Fraction(2, 3)], domain=[zero, one],
                                  window=[zero, one])
        assert_equal(p.deriv(), p_deriv)

class TestEvaluation:
    # coefficients of 1 + 2*x + 3*x**2
    c1d = np.array([1., 2., 3.])
    c2d = np.einsum('i,j->ij', c1d, c1d)
    c3d = np.einsum('i,j,k->ijk', c1d, c1d, c1d)

    # some random values in [-1, 1)
    x = np.random.random((3, 5)) * 2 - 1
    y = poly.polyval(x, [1., 2., 3.])

    def test_polyval(self):
        # check empty input
        assert_equal(poly.polyval([], [1]).size, 0)

        # check normal input)
        x = np.linspace(-1, 1)
        y = [x**i for i in range(5)]
        for i in range(5):
            tgt = y[i]
            res = poly.polyval(x, [0] * i + [1])
            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
        tgt = x * (x**2 - 1)
        res = poly.polyval(x, [0, -1, 0, 1])
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # check that shape is preserved
        for i in range(3):
            dims = [2] * i
            x = np.zeros(dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyval(x, [1]).shape, dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyval(x, [1, 0]).shape, dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyval(x, [1, 0, 0]).shape, dims)

        # check masked arrays are processed correctly
        mask = [False, True, False]
        mx = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=mask)
        res = np.polyval([7, 5, 3], mx)
        assert_array_equal(res.mask, mask)

        # check subtypes of ndarray are preserved
        class C(np.ndarray):
            pass

        cx = np.array([1, 2, 3]).view(C)
        assert_equal(type(np.polyval([2, 3, 4], cx)), C)

    def test_polyvalfromroots(self):
        # check exception for broadcasting x values over root array with
        # too few dimensions
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyvalfromroots,
                      [1], [1], tensor=False)

        # check empty input
        assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots([], [1]).size, 0)
        assert_(poly.polyvalfromroots([], [1]).shape == (0,))

        # check empty input + multidimensional roots
        assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots([], [[1] * 5]).size, 0)
        assert_(poly.polyvalfromroots([], [[1] * 5]).shape == (5, 0))

        # check scalar input
        assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots(1, 1), 0)
        assert_(poly.polyvalfromroots(1, np.ones((3, 3))).shape == (3,))

        # check normal input)
        x = np.linspace(-1, 1)
        y = [x**i for i in range(5)]
        for i in range(1, 5):
            tgt = y[i]
            res = poly.polyvalfromroots(x, [0] * i)
            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)
        tgt = x * (x - 1) * (x + 1)
        res = poly.polyvalfromroots(x, [-1, 0, 1])
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # check that shape is preserved
        for i in range(3):
            dims = [2] * i
            x = np.zeros(dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots(x, [1]).shape, dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots(x, [1, 0]).shape, dims)
            assert_equal(poly.polyvalfromroots(x, [1, 0, 0]).shape, dims)

        # check compatibility with factorization
        ptest = [15, 2, -16, -2, 1]
        r = poly.polyroots(ptest)
        x = np.linspace(-1, 1)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, ptest),
                            poly.polyvalfromroots(x, r))

        # check multidimensional arrays of roots and values
        # check tensor=False
        rshape = (3, 5)
        x = np.arange(-3, 2)
        r = np.random.randint(-5, 5, size=rshape)
        res = poly.polyvalfromroots(x, r, tensor=False)
        tgt = np.empty(r.shape[1:])
        for ii in range(tgt.size):
            tgt[ii] = poly.polyvalfromroots(x[ii], r[:, ii])
        assert_equal(res, tgt)

        # check tensor=True
        x = np.vstack([x, 2 * x])
        res = poly.polyvalfromroots(x, r, tensor=True)
        tgt = np.empty(r.shape[1:] + x.shape)
        for ii in range(r.shape[1]):
            for jj in range(x.shape[0]):
                tgt[ii, jj, :] = poly.polyvalfromroots(x[jj], r[:, ii])
        assert_equal(res, tgt)

    def test_polyval2d(self):
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        y1, y2, y3 = self.y

        # test exceptions
        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'incompatible',
                            poly.polyval2d, x1, x2[:2], self.c2d)

        # test values
        tgt = y1 * y2
        res = poly.polyval2d(x1, x2, self.c2d)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # test shape
        z = np.ones((2, 3))
        res = poly.polyval2d(z, z, self.c2d)
        assert_(res.shape == (2, 3))

    def test_polyval3d(self):
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        y1, y2, y3 = self.y

        # test exceptions
        assert_raises_regex(ValueError, 'incompatible',
                      poly.polyval3d, x1, x2, x3[:2], self.c3d)

        # test values
        tgt = y1 * y2 * y3
        res = poly.polyval3d(x1, x2, x3, self.c3d)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # test shape
        z = np.ones((2, 3))
        res = poly.polyval3d(z, z, z, self.c3d)
        assert_(res.shape == (2, 3))

    def test_polygrid2d(self):
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        y1, y2, y3 = self.y

        # test values
        tgt = np.einsum('i,j->ij', y1, y2)
        res = poly.polygrid2d(x1, x2, self.c2d)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # test shape
        z = np.ones((2, 3))
        res = poly.polygrid2d(z, z, self.c2d)
        assert_(res.shape == (2, 3) * 2)

    def test_polygrid3d(self):
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        y1, y2, y3 = self.y

        # test values
        tgt = np.einsum('i,j,k->ijk', y1, y2, y3)
        res = poly.polygrid3d(x1, x2, x3, self.c3d)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # test shape
        z = np.ones((2, 3))
        res = poly.polygrid3d(z, z, z, self.c3d)
        assert_(res.shape == (2, 3) * 3)


class TestIntegral:

    def test_polyint(self):
        # check exceptions
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyint, [0], .5)
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyint, [0], -1)
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyint, [0], 1, [0, 0])
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyint, [0], lbnd=[0])
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyint, [0], scl=[0])
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyint, [0], axis=.5)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyint, [1, 1], 1.)

        # test integration of zero polynomial
        for i in range(2, 5):
            k = [0] * (i - 2) + [1]
            res = poly.polyint([0], m=i, k=k)
            assert_almost_equal(res, [0, 1])

        # check single integration with integration constant
        for i in range(5):
            scl = i + 1
            pol = [0] * i + [1]
            tgt = [i] + [0] * i + [1 / scl]
            res = poly.polyint(pol, m=1, k=[i])
            assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check single integration with integration constant and lbnd
        for i in range(5):
            scl = i + 1
            pol = [0] * i + [1]
            res = poly.polyint(pol, m=1, k=[i], lbnd=-1)
            assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(-1, res), i)

        # check single integration with integration constant and scaling
        for i in range(5):
            scl = i + 1
            pol = [0] * i + [1]
            tgt = [i] + [0] * i + [2 / scl]
            res = poly.polyint(pol, m=1, k=[i], scl=2)
            assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check multiple integrations with default k
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                pol = [0] * i + [1]
                tgt = pol[:]
                for k in range(j):
                    tgt = poly.polyint(tgt, m=1)
                res = poly.polyint(pol, m=j)
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check multiple integrations with defined k
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                pol = [0] * i + [1]
                tgt = pol[:]
                for k in range(j):
                    tgt = poly.polyint(tgt, m=1, k=[k])
                res = poly.polyint(pol, m=j, k=list(range(j)))
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check multiple integrations with lbnd
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                pol = [0] * i + [1]
                tgt = pol[:]
                for k in range(j):
                    tgt = poly.polyint(tgt, m=1, k=[k], lbnd=-1)
                res = poly.polyint(pol, m=j, k=list(range(j)), lbnd=-1)
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check multiple integrations with scaling
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                pol = [0] * i + [1]
                tgt = pol[:]
                for k in range(j):
                    tgt = poly.polyint(tgt, m=1, k=[k], scl=2)
                res = poly.polyint(pol, m=j, k=list(range(j)), scl=2)
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

    def test_polyint_axis(self):
        # check that axis keyword works
        c2d = np.random.random((3, 4))

        tgt = np.vstack([poly.polyint(c) for c in c2d.T]).T
        res = poly.polyint(c2d, axis=0)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        tgt = np.vstack([poly.polyint(c) for c in c2d])
        res = poly.polyint(c2d, axis=1)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        tgt = np.vstack([poly.polyint(c, k=3) for c in c2d])
        res = poly.polyint(c2d, k=3, axis=1)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)


class TestDerivative:

    def test_polyder(self):
        # check exceptions
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyder, [0], .5)
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyder, [0], -1)

        # check that zeroth derivative does nothing
        for i in range(5):
            tgt = [0] * i + [1]
            res = poly.polyder(tgt, m=0)
            assert_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check that derivation is the inverse of integration
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                tgt = [0] * i + [1]
                res = poly.polyder(poly.polyint(tgt, m=j), m=j)
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # check derivation with scaling
        for i in range(5):
            for j in range(2, 5):
                tgt = [0] * i + [1]
                res = poly.polyder(poly.polyint(tgt, m=j, scl=2), m=j, scl=.5)
                assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

    def test_polyder_axis(self):
        # check that axis keyword works
        c2d = np.random.random((3, 4))

        tgt = np.vstack([poly.polyder(c) for c in c2d.T]).T
        res = poly.polyder(c2d, axis=0)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        tgt = np.vstack([poly.polyder(c) for c in c2d])
        res = poly.polyder(c2d, axis=1)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)


class TestVander:
    # some random values in [-1, 1)
    x = np.random.random((3, 5)) * 2 - 1

    def test_polyvander(self):
        # check for 1d x
        x = np.arange(3)
        v = poly.polyvander(x, 3)
        assert_(v.shape == (3, 4))
        for i in range(4):
            coef = [0] * i + [1]
            assert_almost_equal(v[..., i], poly.polyval(x, coef))

        # check for 2d x
        x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
        v = poly.polyvander(x, 3)
        assert_(v.shape == (3, 2, 4))
        for i in range(4):
            coef = [0] * i + [1]
            assert_almost_equal(v[..., i], poly.polyval(x, coef))

    def test_polyvander2d(self):
        # also tests polyval2d for non-square coefficient array
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        c = np.random.random((2, 3))
        van = poly.polyvander2d(x1, x2, [1, 2])
        tgt = poly.polyval2d(x1, x2, c)
        res = np.dot(van, c.flat)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # check shape
        van = poly.polyvander2d([x1], [x2], [1, 2])
        assert_(van.shape == (1, 5, 6))

    def test_polyvander3d(self):
        # also tests polyval3d for non-square coefficient array
        x1, x2, x3 = self.x
        c = np.random.random((2, 3, 4))
        van = poly.polyvander3d(x1, x2, x3, [1, 2, 3])
        tgt = poly.polyval3d(x1, x2, x3, c)
        res = np.dot(van, c.flat)
        assert_almost_equal(res, tgt)

        # check shape
        van = poly.polyvander3d([x1], [x2], [x3], [1, 2, 3])
        assert_(van.shape == (1, 5, 24))

    def test_polyvandernegdeg(self):
        x = np.arange(3)
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyvander, x, -1)


class TestCompanion:

    def test_raises(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polycompanion, [])
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polycompanion, [1])

    def test_dimensions(self):
        for i in range(1, 5):
            coef = [0] * i + [1]
            assert_(poly.polycompanion(coef).shape == (i, i))

    def test_linear_root(self):
        assert_(poly.polycompanion([1, 2])[0, 0] == -.5)


class TestMisc:

    def test_polyfromroots(self):
        res = poly.polyfromroots([])
        assert_almost_equal(trim(res), [1])
        for i in range(1, 5):
            roots = np.cos(np.linspace(-np.pi, 0, 2 * i + 1)[1::2])
            tgt = Tlist[i]
            res = poly.polyfromroots(roots) * 2**(i - 1)
            assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

    def test_polyroots(self):
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyroots([1]), [])
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyroots([1, 2]), [-.5])
        for i in range(2, 5):
            tgt = np.linspace(-1, 1, i)
            res = poly.polyroots(poly.polyfromroots(tgt))
            assert_almost_equal(trim(res), trim(tgt))

        # Testing for larger root values
        for i in np.logspace(10, 25, num=1000, base=10):
            tgt = np.array([-1, 1, i])
            res = poly.polyroots(poly.polyfromroots(tgt))
            # Adapting the expected precision according to the root value,
            # to take into account numerical calculation error.
            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, 15 - int(np.log10(i)))
        for i in np.logspace(10, 25, num=1000, base=10):
            tgt = np.array([-1, 1.01, i])
            res = poly.polyroots(poly.polyfromroots(tgt))
            # Adapting the expected precision according to the root value,
            # to take into account numerical calculation error.
            assert_almost_equal(res, tgt, 14 - int(np.log10(i)))

    def test_polyfit(self):
        def f(x):
            return x * (x - 1) * (x - 2)

        def f2(x):
            return x**4 + x**2 + 1

        # Test exceptions
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], -1)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [[1]], [1], 0)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [], [1], 0)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1], [[[1]]], 0)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1, 2], [1], 0)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1, 2], 0)
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], 0, w=[[1]])
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], 0, w=[1, 1])
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], [-1,])
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], [2, -1, 6])
        assert_raises(TypeError, poly.polyfit, [1], [1], [])

        # Test fit
        x = np.linspace(0, 2)
        y = f(x)
        #
        coef3 = poly.polyfit(x, y, 3)
        assert_equal(len(coef3), 4)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef3), y)
        coef3 = poly.polyfit(x, y, [0, 1, 2, 3])
        assert_equal(len(coef3), 4)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef3), y)
        #
        coef4 = poly.polyfit(x, y, 4)
        assert_equal(len(coef4), 5)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef4), y)
        coef4 = poly.polyfit(x, y, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
        assert_equal(len(coef4), 5)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef4), y)
        #
        coef2d = poly.polyfit(x, np.array([y, y]).T, 3)
        assert_almost_equal(coef2d, np.array([coef3, coef3]).T)
        coef2d = poly.polyfit(x, np.array([y, y]).T, [0, 1, 2, 3])
        assert_almost_equal(coef2d, np.array([coef3, coef3]).T)
        # test weighting
        w = np.zeros_like(x)
        yw = y.copy()
        w[1::2] = 1
        yw[0::2] = 0
        wcoef3 = poly.polyfit(x, yw, 3, w=w)
        assert_almost_equal(wcoef3, coef3)
        wcoef3 = poly.polyfit(x, yw, [0, 1, 2, 3], w=w)
        assert_almost_equal(wcoef3, coef3)
        #
        wcoef2d = poly.polyfit(x, np.array([yw, yw]).T, 3, w=w)
        assert_almost_equal(wcoef2d, np.array([coef3, coef3]).T)
        wcoef2d = poly.polyfit(x, np.array([yw, yw]).T, [0, 1, 2, 3], w=w)
        assert_almost_equal(wcoef2d, np.array([coef3, coef3]).T)
        # test scaling with complex values x points whose square
        # is zero when summed.
        x = [1, 1j, -1, -1j]
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyfit(x, x, 1), [0, 1])
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyfit(x, x, [0, 1]), [0, 1])
        # test fitting only even Polyendre polynomials
        x = np.linspace(-1, 1)
        y = f2(x)
        coef1 = poly.polyfit(x, y, 4)
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef1), y)
        coef2 = poly.polyfit(x, y, [0, 2, 4])
        assert_almost_equal(poly.polyval(x, coef2), y)
        assert_almost_equal(coef1, coef2)

    def test_polytrim(self):
        coef = [2, -1, 1, 0]

        # Test exceptions
        assert_raises(ValueError, poly.polytrim, coef, -1)

        # Test results
        assert_equal(poly.polytrim(coef), coef[:-1])
        assert_equal(poly.polytrim(coef, 1), coef[:-3])
        assert_equal(poly.polytrim(coef, 2), [0])

    def test_polyline(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polyline(3, 4), [3, 4])

    def test_polyline_zero(self):
        assert_equal(poly.polyline(3, 0), [3])

    def test_fit_degenerate_domain(self):
        p = poly.Polynomial.fit([1], [2], deg=0)
        assert_equal(p.coef, [2.])
        p = poly.Polynomial.fit([1, 1], [2, 2.1], deg=0)
        assert_almost_equal(p.coef, [2.05])
        with pytest.warns(np.exceptions.RankWarning):
            p = poly.Polynomial.fit([1, 1], [2, 2.1], deg=1)

    def test_result_type(self):
        w = np.array([-1, 1], dtype=np.float32)
        p = np.polynomial.Polynomial(w, domain=w, window=w)
        v = p(2)
        assert_equal(v.dtype, np.float32)

        arr = np.polydiv(1, np.float32(1))
        assert_equal(arr[0].dtype, np.float64)

class ArrayFunctionInterceptor:
    def __init__(self):
        self.called = False

    def __array_function__(self, func, types, args, kwargs):
        self.called = True
        return "intercepted"

def test_polyval2d_array_function_hook():
    x = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    y = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    c = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    result = np.polynomial.polynomial.polyval2d(x, y, c)
    assert result == "intercepted"

def test_polygrid2d_array_function_hook():
    x = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    y = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    c = ArrayFunctionInterceptor()
    result = np.polynomial.polynomial.polygrid2d(x, y, c)
    assert result == "intercepted"