image-match/python/py/Lib/site-packages/scipy/optimize/tests/test_least_squares.py

import warnings

from itertools import product
from multiprocessing import Pool

import numpy as np
from numpy.linalg import norm
from numpy.testing import (assert_, assert_allclose,
                           assert_equal)
import pytest
from pytest import raises as assert_raises
from scipy.sparse import issparse, lil_array
from scipy.sparse.linalg import aslinearoperator

from scipy.optimize import least_squares, Bounds, minimize
from scipy.optimize._lsq.least_squares import IMPLEMENTED_LOSSES
from scipy.optimize._lsq.common import EPS, make_strictly_feasible, CL_scaling_vector

from scipy.optimize import OptimizeResult

def fun_trivial(x, a=0):
    return (x - a)**2 + 5.0


def jac_trivial(x, a=0.0):
    return 2 * (x - a)


def fun_2d_trivial(x):
    return np.array([x[0], x[1]])


def jac_2d_trivial(x):
    return np.identity(2)


def fun_rosenbrock(x):
    return np.array([10 * (x[1] - x[0]**2), (1 - x[0])])


class Fun_Rosenbrock:
    def __init__(self):
        self.nfev = 0

    def __call__(self, x, a=0):
        self.nfev += 1
        return fun_rosenbrock(x)


def jac_rosenbrock(x):
    return np.array([
        [-20 * x[0], 10],
        [-1, 0]
    ])


def jac_rosenbrock_bad_dim(x):
    return np.array([
        [-20 * x[0], 10],
        [-1, 0],
        [0.0, 0.0]
    ])


def fun_rosenbrock_cropped(x):
    return fun_rosenbrock(x)[0]


def jac_rosenbrock_cropped(x):
    return jac_rosenbrock(x)[0]


# When x is 1-D array, return is 2-D array.
def fun_wrong_dimensions(x):
    return np.array([x, x**2, x**3])


def jac_wrong_dimensions(x, a=0.0):
    return np.atleast_3d(jac_trivial(x, a=a))


def fun_bvp(x):
    n = int(np.sqrt(x.shape[0]))
    u = np.zeros((n + 2, n + 2))
    x = x.reshape((n, n))
    u[1:-1, 1:-1] = x
    y = u[:-2, 1:-1] + u[2:, 1:-1] + u[1:-1, :-2] + u[1:-1, 2:] - 4 * x + x**3
    return y.ravel()


class BroydenTridiagonal:
    def __init__(self, n=100, mode='sparse'):
        rng = np.random.default_rng(123440)

        self.n = n

        self.x0 = -np.ones(n)
        self.lb = np.linspace(-2, -1.5, n)
        self.ub = np.linspace(-0.8, 0.0, n)

        self.lb += 0.1 * rng.standard_normal(n)
        self.ub += 0.1 * rng.standard_normal(n)

        self.x0 += 0.1 * rng.standard_normal(n)
        self.x0 = make_strictly_feasible(self.x0, self.lb, self.ub)

        if mode == 'sparse':
            self.sparsity = lil_array((n, n), dtype=int)
            i = np.arange(n)
            self.sparsity[i, i] = 1
            i = np.arange(1, n)
            self.sparsity[i, i - 1] = 1
            i = np.arange(n - 1)
            self.sparsity[i, i + 1] = 1

            self.jac = self._jac
        elif mode == 'operator':
            self.jac = lambda x: aslinearoperator(self._jac(x))
        elif mode == 'dense':
            self.sparsity = None
            self.jac = lambda x: self._jac(x).toarray()
        else:
            assert_(False)

    def fun(self, x):
        f = (3 - x) * x + 1
        f[1:] -= x[:-1]
        f[:-1] -= 2 * x[1:]
        return f

    def _jac(self, x):
        J = lil_array((self.n, self.n))
        i = np.arange(self.n)
        J[i, i] = 3 - 2 * x
        i = np.arange(1, self.n)
        J[i, i - 1] = -1
        i = np.arange(self.n - 1)
        J[i, i + 1] = -2
        return J


class ExponentialFittingProblem:
    """Provide data and function for exponential fitting in the form
    y = a + exp(b * x) + noise."""

    def __init__(self, a, b, noise, n_outliers=1, x_range=(-1, 1),
                 n_points=11, rng=None):
        rng = np.random.default_rng(rng)
        self.m = n_points
        self.n = 2

        self.p0 = np.zeros(2)
        self.x = np.linspace(x_range[0], x_range[1], n_points)

        self.y = a + np.exp(b * self.x)
        self.y += noise * rng.standard_normal(self.m)

        outliers = rng.integers(0, self.m, n_outliers)
        self.y[outliers] += 50 * noise * rng.random(n_outliers)

        self.p_opt = np.array([a, b])

    def fun(self, p):
        return p[0] + np.exp(p[1] * self.x) - self.y

    def jac(self, p):
        J = np.empty((self.m, self.n))
        J[:, 0] = 1
        J[:, 1] = self.x * np.exp(p[1] * self.x)
        return J


def cubic_soft_l1(z):
    rho = np.empty((3, z.size))

    t = 1 + z
    rho[0] = 3 * (t**(1/3) - 1)
    rho[1] = t ** (-2/3)
    rho[2] = -2/3 * t**(-5/3)

    return rho


LOSSES = list(IMPLEMENTED_LOSSES.keys()) + [cubic_soft_l1]


class BaseMixin:
    msg = "jac='(3-point|cs)' works equivalently to '2-point' for method='lm'"
    def test_basic(self):
        # Test that the basic calling sequence works.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2., method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-4)
        assert_allclose(res.fun, fun_trivial(res.x))

    def test_args_kwargs(self):
        # Test that args and kwargs are passed correctly to the functions.
        a = 3.0
        for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_trivial]:
            with warnings.catch_warnings():
                warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", self.msg, UserWarning)
                res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, jac, args=(a,),
                                    method=self.method)
                res1 = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, jac, kwargs={'a': a},
                                    method=self.method)

            assert_allclose(res.x, a, rtol=1e-4)
            assert_allclose(res1.x, a, rtol=1e-4)

            assert_raises(TypeError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                          args=(3, 4,), method=self.method)
            assert_raises(TypeError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                          kwargs={'kaboom': 3}, method=self.method)

    def test_jac_options(self):
        for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_trivial]:
            with warnings.catch_warnings():
                warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", self.msg, UserWarning)
                res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, jac, method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-4)

        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0, jac='oops',
                      method=self.method)

    def test_nfev_options(self):
        for max_nfev in [None, 20]:
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, max_nfev=max_nfev,
                                method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-4)

    def test_x_scale_options(self):
        for x_scale in [1.0, np.array([0.5]), 'jac']:
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, x_scale=x_scale)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial,
                      2.0, x_scale='auto', method=self.method)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial,
                      2.0, x_scale=-1.0, method=self.method)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial,
                      2.0, x_scale=1.0+2.0j, method=self.method)

    def test_diff_step(self):
        res1 = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, diff_step=1e-1,
                             method=self.method)
        res3 = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0,
                             diff_step=None, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res1.x, 0, atol=1e-4)
        assert_allclose(res3.x, 0, atol=1e-4)


    def test_incorrect_options_usage(self):
        assert_raises(TypeError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      method=self.method, options={'no_such_option': 100})
        assert_raises(TypeError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      method=self.method, options={'max_nfev': 100})

    def test_full_result(self):
        # MINPACK doesn't work very well with factor=100 on this problem,
        # thus using low 'atol'.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-4)
        assert_allclose(res.cost, 12.5)
        assert_allclose(res.fun, 5)
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 0, atol=1e-4)
        assert_allclose(res.grad, 0, atol=1e-2)
        assert_allclose(res.optimality, 0, atol=1e-2)
        assert_equal(res.active_mask, 0)
        if self.method == 'lm':
            assert_(res.njev is None)
        else:
            assert_(res.nfev < 10)
            assert_(res.njev < 10)
        assert_(res.status > 0)
        assert_(res.success)

    def test_full_result_single_fev(self):
        # MINPACK checks the number of nfev after the iteration,
        # so it's hard to tell what he is going to compute.
        if self.method == 'lm':
            return

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, method=self.method,
                            max_nfev=1)
        assert_equal(res.x, np.array([2]))
        assert_equal(res.cost, 40.5)
        assert_equal(res.fun, np.array([9]))
        assert_equal(res.jac, np.array([[4]]))
        assert_equal(res.grad, np.array([36]))
        assert_equal(res.optimality, 36)
        assert_equal(res.active_mask, np.array([0]))
        assert_equal(res.nfev, 1)
        assert_equal(res.njev, 1)
        assert_equal(res.status, 0)
        assert_equal(res.success, 0)

    def test_nfev(self):
        # checks that the true number of nfev are being consumed
        for i in range(1, 3):
            rng = np.random.default_rng(128908)
            x0 = rng.uniform(size=2) * 10
            ftrivial = Fun_Rosenbrock()
            res = least_squares(
               ftrivial, x0, jac=jac_rosenbrock, method=self.method, max_nfev=i
            )
            assert res.nfev == ftrivial.nfev

    def test_rosenbrock(self):
        x0 = [-2, 1]
        x_opt = [1, 1]
        for jac, x_scale, tr_solver in product(
                ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_rosenbrock],
                [1.0, np.array([1.0, 0.2]), 'jac'],
                ['exact', 'lsmr']):
            with warnings.catch_warnings():
                warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", self.msg, UserWarning)
                res = least_squares(fun_rosenbrock, x0, jac, x_scale=x_scale,
                                    tr_solver=tr_solver, method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, x_opt)

    def test_rosenbrock_cropped(self):
        x0 = [-2, 1]
        if self.method == 'lm':
            assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_rosenbrock_cropped,
                          x0, method='lm')
        else:
            for jac, x_scale, tr_solver in product(
                    ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_rosenbrock_cropped],
                    [1.0, np.array([1.0, 0.2]), 'jac'],
                    ['exact', 'lsmr']):
                res = least_squares(
                    fun_rosenbrock_cropped, x0, jac, x_scale=x_scale,
                    tr_solver=tr_solver, method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res.cost, 0, atol=1e-14)

    def test_fun_wrong_dimensions(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_wrong_dimensions,
                      2.0, method=self.method)

    def test_jac_wrong_dimensions(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial,
                      2.0, jac_wrong_dimensions, method=self.method)

    def test_fun_and_jac_inconsistent_dimensions(self):
        x0 = [1, 2]
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_rosenbrock, x0,
                      jac_rosenbrock_bad_dim, method=self.method)

    def test_x0_multidimensional(self):
        x0 = np.ones(4).reshape(2, 2)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, x0,
                      method=self.method)

    def test_x0_complex_scalar(self):
        x0 = 2.0 + 0.0*1j
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, x0,
                      method=self.method)

    def test_x0_complex_array(self):
        x0 = [1.0, 2.0 + 0.0*1j]
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, x0,
                      method=self.method)

    def test_bvp(self):
        # This test was introduced with fix #5556. It turned out that
        # dogbox solver had a bug with trust-region radius update, which
        # could block its progress and create an infinite loop. And this
        # discrete boundary value problem is the one which triggers it.
        n = 10
        x0 = np.ones(n**2)
        if self.method == 'lm':
            max_nfev = 5000  # To account for Jacobian estimation.
        else:
            max_nfev = 100
        res = least_squares(fun_bvp, x0, ftol=1e-2, method=self.method,
                            max_nfev=max_nfev)

        assert_(res.nfev < max_nfev)
        assert_(res.cost < 0.5)

    def test_error_raised_when_all_tolerances_below_eps(self):
        # Test that all 0 tolerances are not allowed.
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      method=self.method, ftol=None, xtol=None, gtol=None)

    def test_convergence_with_only_one_tolerance_enabled(self):
        if self.method == 'lm':
            return  # should not do test
        x0 = [-2, 1]
        x_opt = [1, 1]
        for ftol, xtol, gtol in [(1e-8, None, None),
                                  (None, 1e-8, None),
                                  (None, None, 1e-8)]:
            res = least_squares(fun_rosenbrock, x0, jac=jac_rosenbrock,
                                ftol=ftol, gtol=gtol, xtol=xtol,
                                method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, x_opt)

    # This test is thread safe, but it is too slow and opens
    # too many file descriptors to run it in parallel.
    @pytest.mark.parallel_threads_limit(1)
    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(5.0)
    def test_workers(self):
        serial = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, method=self.method)

        reses = []
        for workers in [None, 2]:
            res = least_squares(
                fun_trivial, 2.0, method=self.method, workers=workers
            )
            reses.append(res)
        with Pool(2) as workers:
            res = least_squares(
                fun_trivial, 2.0, method=self.method, workers=workers.map
            )
            reses.append(res)
        for res in reses:
            assert res.success
            assert_equal(res.x, serial.x)
            assert_equal(res.nfev, serial.nfev)
            assert_equal(res.njev, serial.njev)


class BoundsMixin:
    def test_inconsistent(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      bounds=(10.0, 0.0), method=self.method)

    def test_infeasible(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      bounds=(3., 4), method=self.method)

    def test_wrong_number(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.,
                      bounds=(1., 2, 3), method=self.method)

    def test_inconsistent_shape(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      bounds=(1.0, [2.0, 3.0]), method=self.method)
        # 1-D array won't be broadcast
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_rosenbrock, [1.0, 2.0],
                      bounds=([0.0], [3.0, 4.0]), method=self.method)

    def test_in_bounds(self):
        for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_trivial]:
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, jac=jac,
                                bounds=(-1.0, 3.0), method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0.0, atol=1e-4)
            assert_equal(res.active_mask, [0])
            assert_(-1 <= res.x <= 3)
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, jac=jac,
                                bounds=(0.5, 3.0), method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0.5, atol=1e-4)
            assert_equal(res.active_mask, [-1])
            assert_(0.5 <= res.x <= 3)

    def test_bounds_shape(self):
        def get_bounds_direct(lb, ub):
            return lb, ub

        def get_bounds_instances(lb, ub):
            return Bounds(lb, ub)

        for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_2d_trivial]:
            for bounds_func in [get_bounds_direct, get_bounds_instances]:
                x0 = [1.0, 1.0]
                res = least_squares(fun_2d_trivial, x0, jac=jac)
                assert_allclose(res.x, [0.0, 0.0])
                res = least_squares(fun_2d_trivial, x0, jac=jac,
                                    bounds=bounds_func(0.5, [2.0, 2.0]),
                                    method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res.x, [0.5, 0.5])
                res = least_squares(fun_2d_trivial, x0, jac=jac,
                                    bounds=bounds_func([0.3, 0.2], 3.0),
                                    method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res.x, [0.3, 0.2])
                res = least_squares(
                    fun_2d_trivial, x0, jac=jac,
                    bounds=bounds_func([-1, 0.5], [1.0, 3.0]),
                    method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res.x, [0.0, 0.5], atol=1e-5)

    def test_bounds_instances(self):
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 0.5, bounds=Bounds())
        assert_allclose(res.x, 0.0, atol=1e-4)

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 3.0, bounds=Bounds(lb=1.0))
        assert_allclose(res.x, 1.0, atol=1e-4)

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 0.5, bounds=Bounds(lb=-1.0, ub=1.0))
        assert_allclose(res.x, 0.0, atol=1e-4)

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, -3.0, bounds=Bounds(ub=-1.0))
        assert_allclose(res.x, -1.0, atol=1e-4)

        res = least_squares(fun_2d_trivial, [0.5, 0.5],
                            bounds=Bounds(lb=[-1.0, -1.0], ub=1.0))
        assert_allclose(res.x, [0.0, 0.0], atol=1e-5)

        res = least_squares(fun_2d_trivial, [0.5, 0.5],
                            bounds=Bounds(lb=[0.1, 0.1]))
        assert_allclose(res.x, [0.1, 0.1], atol=1e-5)

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(10)
    def test_rosenbrock_bounds(self):
        x0_1 = np.array([-2.0, 1.0])
        x0_2 = np.array([2.0, 2.0])
        x0_3 = np.array([-2.0, 2.0])
        x0_4 = np.array([0.0, 2.0])
        x0_5 = np.array([-1.2, 1.0])
        problems = [
            (x0_1, ([-np.inf, -1.5], np.inf)),
            (x0_2, ([-np.inf, 1.5], np.inf)),
            (x0_3, ([-np.inf, 1.5], np.inf)),
            (x0_4, ([-np.inf, 1.5], [1.0, np.inf])),
            (x0_2, ([1.0, 1.5], [3.0, 3.0])),
            (x0_5, ([-50.0, 0.0], [0.5, 100]))
        ]
        for x0, bounds in problems:
            for jac, x_scale, tr_solver in product(
                    ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', jac_rosenbrock],
                    [1.0, [1.0, 0.5], 'jac'],
                    ['exact', 'lsmr']):
                res = least_squares(fun_rosenbrock, x0, jac, bounds,
                                    x_scale=x_scale, tr_solver=tr_solver,
                                    method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res.optimality, 0.0, atol=1e-5)


class SparseMixin:
    def test_exact_tr_solver(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      tr_solver='exact', method=self.method)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0,
                      tr_solver='exact', jac_sparsity=p.sparsity,
                      method=self.method)

    def test_equivalence(self):
        sparse = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='sparse')
        dense = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='dense')
        res_sparse = least_squares(
            sparse.fun, sparse.x0, jac=sparse.jac,
            method=self.method)
        res_dense = least_squares(
            dense.fun, dense.x0, jac=sparse.jac,
            method=self.method)
        assert_equal(res_sparse.nfev, res_dense.nfev)
        assert_allclose(res_sparse.x, res_dense.x, atol=1e-20)
        assert_allclose(res_sparse.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)
        assert_allclose(res_dense.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)

    def test_tr_options(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        res = least_squares(p.fun, p.x0, p.jac, method=self.method,
                            tr_options={'btol': 1e-10})
        assert_allclose(res.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)

    def test_wrong_parameters(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      tr_solver='best', method=self.method)
        assert_raises(TypeError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      tr_solver='lsmr', tr_options={'tol': 1e-10})

    def test_solver_selection(self):
        sparse = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='sparse')
        dense = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='dense')
        res_sparse = least_squares(sparse.fun, sparse.x0, jac=sparse.jac,
                                   method=self.method)
        res_dense = least_squares(dense.fun, dense.x0, jac=dense.jac,
                                  method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res_sparse.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)
        assert_allclose(res_dense.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)
        assert_(issparse(res_sparse.jac))
        assert_(isinstance(res_dense.jac, np.ndarray))

    def test_numerical_jac(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs']:
            res_dense = least_squares(p.fun, p.x0, jac, method=self.method)
            res_sparse = least_squares(
                p.fun, p.x0, jac,method=self.method,
                jac_sparsity=p.sparsity)
            assert_equal(res_dense.nfev, res_sparse.nfev)
            assert_allclose(res_dense.x, res_sparse.x, atol=1e-20)
            assert_allclose(res_dense.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)
            assert_allclose(res_sparse.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)

    @pytest.mark.fail_slow(10)
    def test_with_bounds(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        for jac, jac_sparsity in product(
                [p.jac, '2-point', '3-point', 'cs'], [None, p.sparsity]):
            res_1 = least_squares(
                p.fun, p.x0, jac, bounds=(p.lb, np.inf),
                method=self.method,jac_sparsity=jac_sparsity)
            res_2 = least_squares(
                p.fun, p.x0, jac, bounds=(-np.inf, p.ub),
                method=self.method, jac_sparsity=jac_sparsity)
            res_3 = least_squares(
                p.fun, p.x0, jac, bounds=(p.lb, p.ub),
                method=self.method, jac_sparsity=jac_sparsity)
            assert_allclose(res_1.optimality, 0, atol=1e-10)
            assert_allclose(res_2.optimality, 0, atol=1e-10)
            assert_allclose(res_3.optimality, 0, atol=1e-10)

    def test_wrong_jac_sparsity(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        sparsity = p.sparsity[:-1]
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0,
                      jac_sparsity=sparsity, method=self.method)

    def test_linear_operator(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='operator')
        res = least_squares(p.fun, p.x0, p.jac, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.cost, 0.0, atol=1e-20)
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      method=self.method, tr_solver='exact')

    def test_x_scale_jac_scale(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        res = least_squares(p.fun, p.x0, p.jac, method=self.method,
                            x_scale='jac')
        assert_allclose(res.cost, 0.0, atol=1e-20)

        p = BroydenTridiagonal(mode='operator')
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      method=self.method, x_scale='jac')


class LossFunctionMixin:
    def test_options(self):
        for loss in LOSSES:
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, loss=loss,
                                method=self.method)
            assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-15)

        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      loss='hinge', method=self.method)

    def test_fun(self):
        # Test that res.fun is actual residuals, and not modified by loss
        # function stuff.
        for loss in LOSSES:
            res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, loss=loss,
                                method=self.method)
            assert_equal(res.fun, fun_trivial(res.x))

    def test_grad(self):
        # Test that res.grad is true gradient of loss function at the
        # solution. Use max_nfev = 1, to avoid reaching minimum.
        x = np.array([2.0])  # res.x will be this.

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='linear',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_equal(res.grad, 2 * x * (x**2 + 5))

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='huber',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_equal(res.grad, 2 * x)

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='soft_l1',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.grad,
                        2 * x * (x**2 + 5) / (1 + (x**2 + 5)**2)**0.5)

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='cauchy',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.grad, 2 * x * (x**2 + 5) / (1 + (x**2 + 5)**2))

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='arctan',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.grad, 2 * x * (x**2 + 5) / (1 + (x**2 + 5)**4))

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss=cubic_soft_l1,
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.grad,
                        2 * x * (x**2 + 5) / (1 + (x**2 + 5)**2)**(2/3))

    def test_jac(self):
        # Test that res.jac.T.dot(res.jac) gives Gauss-Newton approximation
        # of Hessian. This approximation is computed by doubly differentiating
        # the cost function and dropping the part containing second derivative
        # of f. For a scalar function it is computed as
        # H = (rho' + 2 * rho'' * f**2) * f'**2, if the expression inside the
        # brackets is less than EPS it is replaced by EPS. Here, we check
        # against the root of H.

        x = 2.0  # res.x will be this.
        f = x**2 + 5  # res.fun will be this.

        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='linear',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_equal(res.jac, 2 * x)

        # For `huber` loss the Jacobian correction is identically zero
        # in outlier region, in such cases it is modified to be equal EPS**0.5.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='huber',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_equal(res.jac, 2 * x * EPS**0.5)

        # Now, let's apply `loss_scale` to turn the residual into an inlier.
        # The loss function becomes linear.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='huber',
                            f_scale=10, max_nfev=1)
        assert_equal(res.jac, 2 * x)

        # 'soft_l1' always gives a positive scaling.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='soft_l1',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * (1 + f**2)**-0.75)

        # For 'cauchy' the correction term turns out to be negative, and it
        # replaced by EPS**0.5.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='cauchy',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * EPS**0.5)

        # Now use scaling to turn the residual to inlier.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='cauchy',
                            f_scale=10, max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        fs = f / 10
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * (1 - fs**2)**0.5 / (1 + fs**2))

        # 'arctan' gives an outlier.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='arctan',
                            max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * EPS**0.5)

        # Turn to inlier.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss='arctan',
                            f_scale=20.0, max_nfev=1, method=self.method)
        fs = f / 20
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * (1 - 3 * fs**4)**0.5 / (1 + fs**4))

        # cubic_soft_l1 will give an outlier.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial, loss=cubic_soft_l1,
                            max_nfev=1)
        assert_allclose(res.jac, 2 * x * EPS**0.5)

        # Turn to inlier.
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, x, jac_trivial,
                            loss=cubic_soft_l1, f_scale=6, max_nfev=1)
        fs = f / 6
        assert_allclose(res.jac,
                        2 * x * (1 - fs**2 / 3)**0.5 * (1 + fs**2)**(-5/6))

    def test_robustness(self):
        for noise in [0.1, 1.0]:
            p = ExponentialFittingProblem(1, 0.1, noise, rng=12220903)

            for jac in ['2-point', '3-point', 'cs', p.jac]:
                res_lsq = least_squares(p.fun, p.p0, jac=jac,
                                        method=self.method)
                assert_allclose(res_lsq.optimality, 0, atol=1e-2)
                for loss in LOSSES:
                    if loss == 'linear':
                        continue
                    res_robust = least_squares(
                        p.fun, p.p0, jac=jac, loss=loss, f_scale=noise,
                        method=self.method)
                    assert_allclose(res_robust.optimality, 0, atol=1e-2)
                    assert_(norm(res_robust.x - p.p_opt) <
                            norm(res_lsq.x - p.p_opt))


class TestDogbox(BaseMixin, BoundsMixin, SparseMixin, LossFunctionMixin):
    method = 'dogbox'


class TestTRF(BaseMixin, BoundsMixin, SparseMixin, LossFunctionMixin):
    method = 'trf'

    def test_lsmr_regularization(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        for regularize in [True, False]:
            res = least_squares(p.fun, p.x0, p.jac, method='trf',
                                tr_options={'regularize': regularize})
            assert_allclose(res.cost, 0, atol=1e-20)


class TestLM(BaseMixin):
    method = 'lm'

    def test_bounds_not_supported(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial,
                      2.0, bounds=(-3.0, 3.0), method='lm')

    def test_m_less_n_not_supported(self):
        x0 = [-2, 1]
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_rosenbrock_cropped, x0,
                      method='lm')

    def test_sparse_not_supported(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal()
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      method='lm')

    def test_jac_sparsity_not_supported(self):
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      jac_sparsity=[1], method='lm')

    def test_LinearOperator_not_supported(self):
        p = BroydenTridiagonal(mode="operator")
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, p.fun, p.x0, p.jac,
                      method='lm')

    def test_loss(self):
        res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0, loss='linear', method='lm')
        assert_allclose(res.x, 0.0, atol=1e-4)

        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0,
                      method='lm', loss='huber')
    
    def test_callback_with_lm_method(self):
        def callback(x):
            assert(False)  # Dummy callback function
        
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings(
                "ignore",
                "Callback function specified, but not supported with `lm` method.",
                UserWarning,
            )
            least_squares(fun_trivial, x0=[0], method='lm', callback=callback)


def test_basic():
    # test that 'method' arg is really optional
    res = least_squares(fun_trivial, 2.0)
    assert_allclose(res.x, 0, atol=1e-10)


def test_callback():
    # test that callback function works as expected

    results = []
    
    def my_callback_optimresult(intermediate_result: OptimizeResult):
        results.append(intermediate_result)
        
    def my_callback_x(x):
        r = OptimizeResult()
        r.nit = 1
        r.x = x
        results.append(r)
        return False
        
    def my_callback_optimresult_stop_exception(
        intermediate_result: OptimizeResult):
        results.append(intermediate_result)
        raise StopIteration

    def my_callback_x_stop_exception(x):
        r = OptimizeResult()
        r.nit = 1
        r.x = x
        results.append(r)
        raise StopIteration

    # Try for different function signatures and stop methods
    callbacks_nostop = [my_callback_optimresult, my_callback_x]
    callbacks_stop = [my_callback_optimresult_stop_exception,
                      my_callback_x_stop_exception]
    
    # Try for all the implemented methods: trf, trf_bounds and dogbox
    calls = [
        lambda callback: least_squares(fun_trivial, 5.0, method='trf', 
                                       callback=callback),
        lambda callback: least_squares(fun_trivial, 5.0, method='trf', 
                                       bounds=(-8.0, 8.0), callback=callback),
        lambda callback: least_squares(fun_trivial, 5.0, method='dogbox', 
                                       callback=callback)
    ]

    for mycallback, call in product(callbacks_nostop, calls):
        results.clear()
        # Call the different implemented methods
        res = call(mycallback)
        # Check that callback was called
        assert len(results) > 0
        # Check that results data makes sense
        assert results[-1].nit > 0
        # Check that it didn't stop because of the callback
        assert res.status != -2
        # final callback x should be same as final result
        assert_allclose(results[-1].x, res.x)

    for mycallback, call in product(callbacks_stop, calls):
        results.clear()
        # Call the different implemented methods
        res = call(mycallback)
        # Check that callback was called
        assert len(results) > 0
        # Check that only one iteration was run
        assert results[-1].nit == 1
        # Check that it stopped because of the callback
        assert res.status == -2


def test_small_tolerances_for_lm():
    for ftol, xtol, gtol in [(None, 1e-13, 1e-13),
                             (1e-13, None, 1e-13),
                             (1e-13, 1e-13, None)]:
        assert_raises(ValueError, least_squares, fun_trivial, 2.0, xtol=xtol,
                      ftol=ftol, gtol=gtol, method='lm')


def test_fp32_gh12991():
    # checks that smaller FP sizes can be used in least_squares
    # this is the minimum working example reported for gh12991
    rng = np.random.default_rng(1978)

    x = np.linspace(0, 1, 100, dtype=np.float32)
    y = rng.random(size=100, dtype=np.float32)

    # changed in gh21872. These functions should've been working in fp32 to force
    # approx_derivative to work in fp32. One of the initial steps in least_squares
    # is to force x0 (p) to be a float, meaning that the output of func and err would
    # be in float64, unless forced to be in float32
    def func(p, x):
        return (p[0] + p[1] * x).astype(np.float32)

    def err(p, x, y):
        return (func(p, x) - y).astype(np.float32)

    def mse(p, x, y):
        return np.sum(err(p, x, y)**2)

    res = least_squares(err, [-1.0, -1.0], args=(x, y))
    # previously the initial jacobian calculated for this would be all 0
    # and the minimize would terminate immediately, with nfev=1, would
    # report a successful minimization (it shouldn't have done), but be
    # unchanged from the initial solution.
    # It was terminating early because the underlying approx_derivative
    # used a step size for FP64 when the working space was FP32.
    assert res.nfev > 2
    # compare output to solver that doesn't use derivatives
    res2 = minimize(
        mse,
        [-1.0, 1.0],
        method='cobyqa',
        args=(x, y),
        options={'final_tr_radius': 1e-6}
    )
    assert_allclose(res.x, res2.x, atol=9e-5)


def test_gh_18793_and_19351():
    answer = 1e-12
    initial_guess = 1.1e-12

    def chi2(x):
        return (x-answer)**2

    gtol = 1e-15
    res = least_squares(chi2, x0=initial_guess, gtol=1e-15, bounds=(0, np.inf))
    # Original motivation: gh-18793
    # if we choose an initial condition that is close to the solution
    # we shouldn't return an answer that is further away from the solution

    # Update: gh-19351
    # However this requirement does not go well with 'trf' algorithm logic.
    # Some regressions were reported after the presumed fix.
    # The returned solution is good as long as it satisfies the convergence
    # conditions.
    # Specifically in this case the scaled gradient will be sufficiently low.

    scaling, _ = CL_scaling_vector(res.x, res.grad,
                                   np.atleast_1d(0), np.atleast_1d(np.inf))
    assert res.status == 1  # Converged by gradient
    assert np.linalg.norm(res.grad * scaling, ord=np.inf) < gtol


def test_gh_19103():
    # Checks that least_squares trf method selects a strictly feasible point,
    # and thus succeeds instead of failing,
    # when the initial guess is reported exactly at a boundary point.
    # This is a reduced example from gh191303

    ydata = np.array([0.] * 66 + [
        1., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1., 1., 0., 0., 1.,
        1., 1., 1., 0., 0., 0., 1., 0., 0., 2., 1.,
        0., 3., 1., 6., 5., 0., 0., 2., 8., 4., 4.,
        6., 9., 7., 2., 7., 8., 2., 13., 9., 8., 11.,
        10., 13., 14., 19., 11., 15., 18., 26., 19., 32., 29.,
        28., 36., 32., 35., 36., 43., 52., 32., 58., 56., 52.,
        67., 53., 72., 88., 77., 95., 94., 84., 86., 101., 107.,
        108., 118., 96., 115., 138., 137.,
    ])
    xdata = np.arange(0, ydata.size) * 0.1

    def exponential_wrapped(params):
        A, B, x0 = params
        return A * np.exp(B * (xdata - x0)) - ydata

    x0 = [0.01, 1., 5.]
    bounds = ((0.01, 0, 0), (np.inf, 10, 20.9))
    res = least_squares(exponential_wrapped, x0, method='trf', bounds=bounds)
    assert res.success