image-match/python/py/Lib/site-packages/scipy/interpolate/_rgi.py

__all__ = ['RegularGridInterpolator', 'interpn']

import itertools
from types import GenericAlias

import numpy as np

import scipy.sparse.linalg as ssl
from scipy._lib._array_api import array_namespace, xp_capabilities
from scipy._lib.array_api_compat import is_array_api_obj

from ._interpnd import _ndim_coords_from_arrays
from ._cubic import PchipInterpolator
from ._rgi_cython import evaluate_linear_2d, find_indices
from ._bsplines import make_interp_spline
from ._fitpack2 import RectBivariateSpline
from ._ndbspline import make_ndbspl


def _check_points(points):
    descending_dimensions = []
    grid = []
    for i, p in enumerate(points):
        # early make points float
        # see https://github.com/scipy/scipy/pull/17230
        p = np.asarray(p, dtype=float)
        if not np.all(p[1:] > p[:-1]):
            if np.all(p[1:] < p[:-1]):
                # input is descending, so make it ascending
                descending_dimensions.append(i)
                p = np.flip(p)
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"The points in dimension {i} must be strictly ascending or "
                    f"descending"
                )
        # see https://github.com/scipy/scipy/issues/17716
        p = np.ascontiguousarray(p)
        grid.append(p)
    return tuple(grid), tuple(descending_dimensions)


def _check_dimensionality(points, values):
    if len(points) > values.ndim:
        raise ValueError(
            f"There are {len(points)} point arrays, but values has "
            f"{values.ndim} dimensions"
        )
    for i, p in enumerate(points):
        if not np.asarray(p).ndim == 1:
            raise ValueError(f"The points in dimension {i} must be 1-dimensional")
        if not values.shape[i] == len(p):
            raise ValueError(
                f"There are {len(p)} points and {values.shape[i]} values in "
                f"dimension {i}"
            )


@xp_capabilities(
    cpu_only=True, jax_jit=False,
    skip_backends=[
        ("dask.array",
         "https://github.com/data-apis/array-api-extra/issues/488")
    ]
)
class RegularGridInterpolator:
    """Interpolator of specified order on a rectilinear grid in N ≥ 1 dimensions.

    The data must be defined on a rectilinear grid; that is, a rectangular
    grid with even or uneven spacing. Linear, nearest-neighbor, spline
    interpolations are supported. After setting up the interpolator object,
    the interpolation method may be chosen at each evaluation.

    Parameters
    ----------
    points : tuple of ndarray of float, with shapes (m1, ), ..., (mn, )
        The points defining the regular grid in n dimensions. The points in
        each dimension (i.e. every elements of the points tuple) must be
        strictly ascending or descending.

    values : array_like, shape (m1, ..., mn, ...)
        The data on the regular grid in n dimensions. Complex data is
        accepted.

    method : str, optional
        The method of interpolation to perform. Supported are "linear",
        "nearest", "slinear", "cubic", "quintic" and "pchip". This
        parameter will become the default for the object's ``__call__``
        method. Default is "linear".

    bounds_error : bool, optional
        If True, when interpolated values are requested outside of the
        domain of the input data, a ValueError is raised.
        If False, then `fill_value` is used.
        Default is True.

    fill_value : float or None, optional
        The value to use for points outside of the interpolation domain.
        If None, values outside the domain are extrapolated.
        Default is ``np.nan``.

    solver : callable, optional
        Only used for methods "slinear", "cubic" and "quintic".
        Sparse linear algebra solver for construction of the NdBSpline instance.
        Default is the iterative solver `scipy.sparse.linalg.gcrotmk`.

        .. versionadded:: 1.13

    solver_args: dict, optional
        Additional arguments to pass to `solver`, if any.

        .. versionadded:: 1.13

    Methods
    -------
    __call__

    Attributes
    ----------
    grid : tuple of ndarrays
        The points defining the regular grid in n dimensions.
        This tuple defines the full grid via
        ``np.meshgrid(*grid, indexing='ij')``
    values : ndarray
        Data values at the grid.
    method : str
        Interpolation method.
    fill_value : float or ``None``
        Use this value for out-of-bounds arguments to `__call__`.
    bounds_error : bool
        If ``True``, out-of-bounds argument raise a ``ValueError``.

    Notes
    -----
    Contrary to `LinearNDInterpolator` and `NearestNDInterpolator`, this class
    avoids expensive triangulation of the input data by taking advantage of the
    regular grid structure.

    In other words, this class assumes that the data is defined on a
    *rectilinear* grid.

    .. versionadded:: 0.14

    The 'slinear'(k=1), 'cubic'(k=3), and 'quintic'(k=5) methods are
    tensor-product spline interpolators, where `k` is the spline degree,
    If any dimension has fewer points than `k` + 1, an error will be raised.

    .. versionadded:: 1.9

    If the input data is such that dimensions have incommensurate
    units and differ by many orders of magnitude, the interpolant may have
    numerical artifacts. Consider rescaling the data before interpolating.

    **Choosing a solver for spline methods**

    Spline methods, "slinear", "cubic" and "quintic" involve solving a
    large sparse linear system at instantiation time. Depending on data,
    the default solver may or may not be adequate. When it is not, you may
    need to experiment with an optional `solver` argument, where you may
    choose between the direct solver (`scipy.sparse.linalg.spsolve`) or
    iterative solvers from `scipy.sparse.linalg`. You may need to supply
    additional parameters via the optional `solver_args` parameter (for instance,
    you may supply the starting value or target tolerance). See the
    `scipy.sparse.linalg` documentation for the full list of available options.

    Alternatively, you may instead use the legacy methods, "slinear_legacy",
    "cubic_legacy" and "quintic_legacy". These methods allow faster construction
    but evaluations will be much slower.

    **Rounding rule at half points with `nearest` method**

    The rounding rule with the `nearest` method at half points is rounding *down*.


    Examples
    --------
    **Evaluate a function on the points of a 3-D grid**

    As a first example, we evaluate a simple example function on the points of
    a 3-D grid:

    >>> from scipy.interpolate import RegularGridInterpolator
    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> def f(x, y, z):
    ...     return 2 * x**3 + 3 * y**2 - z
    >>> x = np.linspace(1, 4, 11)
    >>> y = np.linspace(4, 7, 22)
    >>> z = np.linspace(7, 9, 33)
    >>> xg, yg ,zg = np.meshgrid(x, y, z, indexing='ij', sparse=True)
    >>> data = f(xg, yg, zg)

    ``data`` is now a 3-D array with ``data[i, j, k] = f(x[i], y[j], z[k])``.
    Next, define an interpolating function from this data:

    >>> interp = RegularGridInterpolator((x, y, z), data)

    Evaluate the interpolating function at the two points
    ``(x,y,z) = (2.1, 6.2, 8.3)`` and ``(3.3, 5.2, 7.1)``:

    >>> pts = np.array([[2.1, 6.2, 8.3],
    ...                 [3.3, 5.2, 7.1]])
    >>> interp(pts)
    array([ 125.80469388,  146.30069388])

    which is indeed a close approximation to

    >>> f(2.1, 6.2, 8.3), f(3.3, 5.2, 7.1)
    (125.54200000000002, 145.894)

    **Interpolate and extrapolate a 2D dataset**

    As a second example, we interpolate and extrapolate a 2D data set:

    >>> x, y = np.array([-2, 0, 4]), np.array([-2, 0, 2, 5])
    >>> def ff(x, y):
    ...     return x**2 + y**2

    >>> xg, yg = np.meshgrid(x, y, indexing='ij')
    >>> data = ff(xg, yg)
    >>> interp = RegularGridInterpolator((x, y), data,
    ...                                  bounds_error=False, fill_value=None)

    >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    >>> fig = plt.figure()
    >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
    >>> ax.scatter(xg.ravel(), yg.ravel(), data.ravel(),
    ...            s=60, c='k', label='data')

    Evaluate and plot the interpolator on a finer grid

    >>> xx = np.linspace(-4, 9, 31)
    >>> yy = np.linspace(-4, 9, 31)
    >>> X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy, indexing='ij')

    >>> # interpolator
    >>> ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, interp((X, Y)), rstride=3, cstride=3,
    ...                   alpha=0.4, color='m', label='linear interp')

    >>> # ground truth
    >>> ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, ff(X, Y), rstride=3, cstride=3,
    ...                   alpha=0.4, label='ground truth')
    >>> plt.legend()
    >>> plt.show()

    Other examples are given
    :ref:`in the tutorial <tutorial-interpolate_regular_grid_interpolator>`.

    See Also
    --------
    NearestNDInterpolator : Nearest neighbor interpolator on *unstructured*
                            data in N dimensions

    LinearNDInterpolator : Piecewise linear interpolator on *unstructured* data
                           in N dimensions

    interpn : a convenience function which wraps `RegularGridInterpolator`

    scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates : interpolation on grids with equal spacing
                                    (suitable for e.g., N-D image resampling)

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Python package *regulargrid* by Johannes Buchner, see
           https://pypi.python.org/pypi/regulargrid/
    .. [2] Wikipedia, "Trilinear interpolation",
           https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilinear_interpolation
    .. [3] Weiser, Alan, and Sergio E. Zarantonello. "A note on piecewise linear
           and multilinear table interpolation in many dimensions." MATH.
           COMPUT. 50.181 (1988): 189-196.
           https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/1988-50-181/S0025-5718-1988-0917826-0/S0025-5718-1988-0917826-0.pdf
           :doi:`10.1090/S0025-5718-1988-0917826-0`

    """
    # this class is based on code originally programmed by Johannes Buchner,
    # see https://github.com/JohannesBuchner/regulargrid

    _SPLINE_DEGREE_MAP = {"slinear": 1, "cubic": 3, "quintic": 5, 'pchip': 3,
                          "slinear_legacy": 1, "cubic_legacy": 3, "quintic_legacy": 5,}
    _SPLINE_METHODS_recursive = {"slinear_legacy", "cubic_legacy",
                                "quintic_legacy", "pchip"}
    _SPLINE_METHODS_ndbspl = {"slinear", "cubic", "quintic"}
    _SPLINE_METHODS = list(_SPLINE_DEGREE_MAP.keys())
    _ALL_METHODS = ["linear", "nearest"] + _SPLINE_METHODS

    # generic type compatibility with scipy-stubs
    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)

    def __init__(self, points, values, method="linear", bounds_error=True,
                 fill_value=np.nan, *, solver=None, solver_args=None):
        if method not in self._ALL_METHODS:
            raise ValueError(f"Method '{method}' is not defined")
        elif method in self._SPLINE_METHODS:
            self._validate_grid_dimensions(points, method)   # NB: uses np.atleast_1d

        try:
            xp = array_namespace(*points, values)
        except Exception as e:
            # either "duck-type" values or a user error?
            xp = array_namespace(*points) # still forbid mixed namespaces in `points`
            try:
                xp_v = array_namespace(values)
            except Exception:
                # "duck-type" values indeed, continue with `xp` as the namespace
                pass
            else:
                # both `points` and `values` are array API objects, check consistency
                if xp_v != xp:
                    raise e

        self._asarray = xp.asarray
        self.method = method
        self._spline = None
        self.bounds_error = bounds_error
        self._grid, self._descending_dimensions = _check_points(points)
        self._values = self._check_values(values)
        self._check_dimensionality(self._grid, self._values)
        self.fill_value = self._check_fill_value(self._values, fill_value)
        if self._descending_dimensions:
            self._values = np.flip(values, axis=self._descending_dimensions)
        if self.method == "pchip" and np.iscomplexobj(self._values):
            msg = ("`PchipInterpolator` only works with real values. If you are trying "
                   "to use the real components of the passed array, use `np.real` on "
                   "the array before passing to `RegularGridInterpolator`.")
            raise ValueError(msg)
        if method in self._SPLINE_METHODS_ndbspl:
            if solver_args is None:
                solver_args = {}
            self._spline = self._construct_spline(method, solver, **solver_args)
        else:
            if solver is not None or solver_args:
                raise ValueError(
                    f"{method =} does not accept the 'solver' argument. Got "
                    f" {solver = } and with arguments {solver_args}."
                )

    def _construct_spline(self, method, solver=None, **solver_args):
        if solver is None:
            solver = ssl.gcrotmk
        spl = make_ndbspl(
                self._grid, self._values, self._SPLINE_DEGREE_MAP[method],
                solver=solver, **solver_args
              )
        return spl

    def _check_dimensionality(self, grid, values):
        _check_dimensionality(grid, values)

    def _check_points(self, points):
        return _check_points(points)

    def _check_values(self, values):
        if is_array_api_obj(values):
            values = np.asarray(values)

        if not hasattr(values, 'ndim'):
            # allow reasonable duck-typed values
            values = np.asarray(values)

        if hasattr(values, 'dtype') and hasattr(values, 'astype'):
            if not np.issubdtype(values.dtype, np.inexact):
                values = values.astype(float)

        return values

    def _check_fill_value(self, values, fill_value):
        if fill_value is not None:
            fill_value_dtype = np.asarray(fill_value).dtype
            if (hasattr(values, 'dtype') and not
                    np.can_cast(fill_value_dtype, values.dtype,
                                casting='same_kind')):
                raise ValueError("fill_value must be either 'None' or "
                                 "of a type compatible with values")
        return fill_value

    def __call__(self, xi, method=None, *, nu=None):
        """
        Interpolation at coordinates.

        Parameters
        ----------
        xi : ndarray of shape (..., ndim)
            The coordinates to evaluate the interpolator at.

        method : str, optional
            The method of interpolation to perform. Supported are "linear",
            "nearest", "slinear", "cubic", "quintic" and "pchip". Default is
            the method chosen when the interpolator was created.

        nu : sequence of ints, length ndim, optional
            If not None, the orders of the derivatives to evaluate.
            Each entry must be non-negative.
            Only allowed for methods "slinear", "cubic" and "quintic".

            .. versionadded:: 1.13

        Returns
        -------
        values_x : ndarray, shape xi.shape[:-1] + values.shape[ndim:]
            Interpolated values at `xi`. See notes for behaviour when
            ``xi.ndim == 1``.

        Notes
        -----
        In the case that ``xi.ndim == 1`` a new axis is inserted into
        the 0 position of the returned array, values_x, so its shape is
        instead ``(1,) + values.shape[ndim:]``.

        Examples
        --------
        Here we define a nearest-neighbor interpolator of a simple function

        >>> import numpy as np
        >>> x, y = np.array([0, 1, 2]), np.array([1, 3, 7])
        >>> def f(x, y):
        ...     return x**2 + y**2
        >>> data = f(*np.meshgrid(x, y, indexing='ij', sparse=True))
        >>> from scipy.interpolate import RegularGridInterpolator
        >>> interp = RegularGridInterpolator((x, y), data, method='nearest')

        By construction, the interpolator uses the nearest-neighbor
        interpolation

        >>> interp([[1.5, 1.3], [0.3, 4.5]])
        array([2., 9.])

        We can however evaluate the linear interpolant by overriding the
        `method` parameter

        >>> interp([[1.5, 1.3], [0.3, 4.5]], method='linear')
        array([ 4.7, 24.3])
        """
        _spline = self._spline
        method = self.method if method is None else method
        is_method_changed = self.method != method
        if method not in self._ALL_METHODS:
            raise ValueError(f"Method '{method}' is not defined")
        if is_method_changed and method in self._SPLINE_METHODS_ndbspl:
            _spline = self._construct_spline(method)

        if nu is not None and method not in self._SPLINE_METHODS_ndbspl:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Can only compute derivatives for methods "
                f"{self._SPLINE_METHODS_ndbspl}, got {method =}."
            )

        xi, xi_shape, ndim, nans, out_of_bounds = self._prepare_xi(xi)

        if method == "linear":
            indices, norm_distances = self._find_indices(xi.T)
            if (ndim == 2 and hasattr(self._values, 'dtype') and
                    self._values.ndim == 2 and self._values.flags.writeable and
                    self._values.dtype in (np.float64, np.complex128) and
                    self._values.dtype.byteorder == '='):
                # until cython supports const fused types, the fast path
                # cannot support non-writeable values
                # a fast path
                out = np.empty(indices.shape[1], dtype=self._values.dtype)
                result = evaluate_linear_2d(self._values,
                                            indices,
                                            norm_distances,
                                            self._grid,
                                            out)
            else:
                result = self._evaluate_linear(indices, norm_distances)
        elif method == "nearest":
            indices, norm_distances = self._find_indices(xi.T)
            result = self._evaluate_nearest(indices, norm_distances)
        elif method in self._SPLINE_METHODS:
            if is_method_changed:
                self._validate_grid_dimensions(self._grid, method)
            if method in self._SPLINE_METHODS_recursive:
                result = self._evaluate_spline(xi, method)
            else:
                result = _spline(xi, nu=nu)

        if not self.bounds_error and self.fill_value is not None:
            result[out_of_bounds] = self.fill_value

        # f(nan) = nan, if any
        if np.any(nans):
            result[nans] = np.nan
        return self._asarray(result.reshape(xi_shape[:-1] + self._values.shape[ndim:]))

    @property
    def grid(self):
        return tuple(self._asarray(p) for p in self._grid)

    @property
    def values(self):
        return self._asarray(self._values)

    def _prepare_xi(self, xi):
        ndim = len(self._grid)
        xi = _ndim_coords_from_arrays(xi, ndim=ndim)
        if xi.shape[-1] != ndim:
            raise ValueError("The requested sample points xi have dimension "
                             f"{xi.shape[-1]} but this "
                             f"RegularGridInterpolator has dimension {ndim}")

        xi_shape = xi.shape
        xi = xi.reshape(-1, xi_shape[-1])
        xi = np.asarray(xi, dtype=float)

        # find nans in input
        nans = np.any(np.isnan(xi), axis=-1)

        if self.bounds_error:
            for i, p in enumerate(xi.T):
                if not np.logical_and(np.all(self._grid[i][0] <= p),
                                      np.all(p <= self._grid[i][-1])):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"One of the requested xi is out of bounds in dimension {i}"
                    )
            out_of_bounds = None
        else:
            out_of_bounds = self._find_out_of_bounds(xi.T)

        return xi, xi_shape, ndim, nans, out_of_bounds

    def _evaluate_linear(self, indices, norm_distances):
        # slice for broadcasting over trailing dimensions in self._values
        vslice = (slice(None),) + (None,)*(self._values.ndim - len(indices))

        # Compute shifting up front before zipping everything together
        shift_norm_distances = [1 - yi for yi in norm_distances]
        shift_indices = [i + 1 for i in indices]

        # The formula for linear interpolation in 2d takes the form:
        # values = self._values[(i0, i1)] * (1 - y0) * (1 - y1) + \
        #          self._values[(i0, i1 + 1)] * (1 - y0) * y1 + \
        #          self._values[(i0 + 1, i1)] * y0 * (1 - y1) + \
        #          self._values[(i0 + 1, i1 + 1)] * y0 * y1
        # We pair i with 1 - yi (zipped1) and i + 1 with yi (zipped2)
        zipped1 = zip(indices, shift_norm_distances)
        zipped2 = zip(shift_indices, norm_distances)

        # Take all products of zipped1 and zipped2 and iterate over them
        # to get the terms in the above formula. This corresponds to iterating
        # over the vertices of a hypercube.
        hypercube = itertools.product(*zip(zipped1, zipped2))
        value = np.array([0.])
        for h in hypercube:
            edge_indices, weights = zip(*h)
            weight = np.array([1.])
            for w in weights:
                weight = weight * w
            term = np.asarray(self._values[edge_indices]) * weight[vslice]
            value = value + term   # cannot use += because broadcasting
        return value

    def _evaluate_nearest(self, indices, norm_distances):
        idx_res = [np.where(yi <= .5, i, i + 1)
                   for i, yi in zip(indices, norm_distances)]
        return self._values[tuple(idx_res)]

    def _validate_grid_dimensions(self, points, method):
        k = self._SPLINE_DEGREE_MAP[method]
        for i, point in enumerate(points):
            ndim = len(np.atleast_1d(point))
            if ndim <= k:
                raise ValueError(f"There are {ndim} points in dimension {i},"
                                 f" but method {method} requires at least "
                                 f" {k+1} points per dimension.")

    def _evaluate_spline(self, xi, method):
        # ensure xi is 2D list of points to evaluate (`m` is the number of
        # points and `n` is the number of interpolation dimensions,
        # ``n == len(self._grid)``.)
        if xi.ndim == 1:
            xi = xi.reshape((1, xi.size))
        m, n = xi.shape

        # Reorder the axes: n-dimensional process iterates over the
        # interpolation axes from the last axis downwards: E.g. for a 4D grid
        # the order of axes is 3, 2, 1, 0. Each 1D interpolation works along
        # the 0th axis of its argument array (for 1D routine it's its ``y``
        # array). Thus permute the interpolation axes of `values` *and keep
        # trailing dimensions trailing*.
        axes = tuple(range(self._values.ndim))
        axx = axes[:n][::-1] + axes[n:]
        values = self._values.transpose(axx)

        if method == 'pchip':
            _eval_func = self._do_pchip
        else:
            _eval_func = self._do_spline_fit
        k = self._SPLINE_DEGREE_MAP[method]

        # Non-stationary procedure: difficult to vectorize this part entirely
        # into numpy-level operations. Unfortunately this requires explicit
        # looping over each point in xi.

        # can at least vectorize the first pass across all points in the
        # last variable of xi.
        last_dim = n - 1
        first_values = _eval_func(self._grid[last_dim],
                                  values,
                                  xi[:, last_dim],
                                  k)

        # the rest of the dimensions have to be on a per point-in-xi basis
        shape = (m, *self._values.shape[n:])
        result = np.empty(shape, dtype=self._values.dtype)
        for j in range(m):
            # Main process: Apply 1D interpolate in each dimension
            # sequentially, starting with the last dimension.
            # These are then "folded" into the next dimension in-place.
            folded_values = first_values[j, ...]
            for i in range(last_dim-1, -1, -1):
                # Interpolate for each 1D from the last dimensions.
                # This collapses each 1D sequence into a scalar.
                folded_values = _eval_func(self._grid[i],
                                           folded_values,
                                           xi[j, i],
                                           k)
            result[j, ...] = folded_values

        return result

    @staticmethod
    def _do_spline_fit(x, y, pt, k):
        local_interp = make_interp_spline(x, y, k=k, axis=0)
        values = local_interp(pt)
        return values

    @staticmethod
    def _do_pchip(x, y, pt, k):
        local_interp = PchipInterpolator(x, y, axis=0)
        values = local_interp(pt)
        return values

    def _find_indices(self, xi):
        return find_indices(self._grid, xi)

    def _find_out_of_bounds(self, xi):
        # check for out of bounds xi
        out_of_bounds = np.zeros((xi.shape[1]), dtype=bool)
        # iterate through dimensions
        for x, grid in zip(xi, self._grid):
            out_of_bounds += x < grid[0]
            out_of_bounds += x > grid[-1]
        return out_of_bounds


def interpn(points, values, xi, method="linear", bounds_error=True,
            fill_value=np.nan):
    """
    Multidimensional interpolation on regular or rectilinear grids.

    Strictly speaking, not all regular grids are supported - this function
    works on *rectilinear* grids, that is, a rectangular grid with even or
    uneven spacing.

    Parameters
    ----------
    points : tuple of ndarray of float, with shapes (m1, ), ..., (mn, )
        The points defining the regular grid in n dimensions. The points in
        each dimension (i.e. every elements of the points tuple) must be
        strictly ascending or descending.

    values : array_like, shape (m1, ..., mn, ...)
        The data on the regular grid in n dimensions. Complex data is
        accepted.
    xi : ndarray of shape (..., ndim)
        The coordinates to sample the gridded data at

    method : str, optional
        The method of interpolation to perform. Supported are "linear",
        "nearest", "slinear", "cubic", "quintic", "pchip", and "splinef2d".
        "splinef2d" is only supported for 2-dimensional data.

    bounds_error : bool, optional
        If True, when interpolated values are requested outside of the
        domain of the input data, a ValueError is raised.
        If False, then `fill_value` is used.

    fill_value : number, optional
        If provided, the value to use for points outside of the
        interpolation domain. If None, values outside
        the domain are extrapolated.  Extrapolation is not supported by method
        "splinef2d".

    Returns
    -------
    values_x : ndarray, shape xi.shape[:-1] + values.shape[ndim:]
        Interpolated values at `xi`. See notes for behaviour when
        ``xi.ndim == 1``.

    See Also
    --------
    NearestNDInterpolator : Nearest neighbor interpolation on unstructured
                            data in N dimensions
    LinearNDInterpolator : Piecewise linear interpolant on unstructured data
                           in N dimensions
    RegularGridInterpolator : interpolation on a regular or rectilinear grid
                              in arbitrary dimensions (`interpn` wraps this
                              class).
    RectBivariateSpline : Bivariate spline approximation over a rectangular mesh
    scipy.ndimage.map_coordinates : interpolation on grids with equal spacing
                                    (suitable for e.g., N-D image resampling)

    Notes
    -----

    .. versionadded:: 0.14

    In the case that ``xi.ndim == 1`` a new axis is inserted into
    the 0 position of the returned array, values_x, so its shape is
    instead ``(1,) + values.shape[ndim:]``.

    If the input data is such that input dimensions have incommensurate
    units and differ by many orders of magnitude, the interpolant may have
    numerical artifacts. Consider rescaling the data before interpolation.

    Examples
    --------
    Evaluate a simple example function on the points of a regular 3-D grid:

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> from scipy.interpolate import interpn
    >>> def value_func_3d(x, y, z):
    ...     return 2 * x + 3 * y - z
    >>> x = np.linspace(0, 4, 5)
    >>> y = np.linspace(0, 5, 6)
    >>> z = np.linspace(0, 6, 7)
    >>> points = (x, y, z)
    >>> values = value_func_3d(*np.meshgrid(*points, indexing='ij'))

    Evaluate the interpolating function at a point

    >>> point = np.array([2.21, 3.12, 1.15])
    >>> print(interpn(points, values, point))
    [12.63]

    Compare with value at point by function

    >>> value_func_3d(*point)
    12.63 # up to rounding

    Since the function is linear, the interpolation is exact using linear method.

    """
    # sanity check 'method' kwarg
    if method not in ["linear", "nearest", "cubic", "quintic", "pchip",
                      "splinef2d", "slinear",
                      "slinear_legacy", "cubic_legacy", "quintic_legacy"]:
        raise ValueError("interpn only understands the methods 'linear', "
                         "'nearest', 'slinear', 'cubic', 'quintic', 'pchip', "
                         f"and 'splinef2d'. You provided {method}.")

    if not hasattr(values, 'ndim'):
        values = np.asarray(values)

    ndim = values.ndim
    if ndim > 2 and method == "splinef2d":
        raise ValueError("The method splinef2d can only be used for "
                         "2-dimensional input data")
    if not bounds_error and fill_value is None and method == "splinef2d":
        raise ValueError("The method splinef2d does not support extrapolation.")

    # sanity check consistency of input dimensions
    if len(points) > ndim:
        raise ValueError(
            f"There are {len(points)} point arrays, but values has {ndim} dimensions"
        )
    if len(points) != ndim and method == 'splinef2d':
        raise ValueError("The method splinef2d can only be used for "
                         "scalar data with one point per coordinate")

    grid, descending_dimensions = _check_points(points)
    _check_dimensionality(grid, values)

    # sanity check requested xi
    xi = _ndim_coords_from_arrays(xi, ndim=len(grid))
    if xi.shape[-1] != len(grid):
        raise ValueError(
            f"The requested sample points xi have dimension {xi.shape[-1]}, "
            f"but this RegularGridInterpolator has dimension {len(grid)}"
        )

    if bounds_error:
        for i, p in enumerate(xi.T):
            if not np.logical_and(np.all(grid[i][0] <= p),
                                  np.all(p <= grid[i][-1])):
                raise ValueError(
                    f"One of the requested xi is out of bounds in dimension {i}"
                )

    # perform interpolation
    if method in RegularGridInterpolator._ALL_METHODS:
        interp = RegularGridInterpolator(points, values, method=method,
                                         bounds_error=bounds_error,
                                         fill_value=fill_value)
        return interp(xi)
    elif method == "splinef2d":
        xi_shape = xi.shape
        xi = xi.reshape(-1, xi.shape[-1])

        # RectBivariateSpline doesn't support fill_value; we need to wrap here
        idx_valid = np.all((grid[0][0] <= xi[:, 0], xi[:, 0] <= grid[0][-1],
                            grid[1][0] <= xi[:, 1], xi[:, 1] <= grid[1][-1]),
                           axis=0)
        result = np.empty_like(xi[:, 0])

        # make a copy of values for RectBivariateSpline
        interp = RectBivariateSpline(points[0], points[1], values[:])
        result[idx_valid] = interp.ev(xi[idx_valid, 0], xi[idx_valid, 1])
        result[np.logical_not(idx_valid)] = fill_value

        return result.reshape(xi_shape[:-1])
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"unknown {method = }")