yichael
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      drawvg - Language Reference
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      <h1>
      drawvg - Language Reference
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<div class="element-contents" id="SEC_Contents">
<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

<div class="contents">

<ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
  <li><a id="toc-Introduction" href="#Introduction">1 Introduction</a></li>
  <li><a id="toc-Syntax" href="#Syntax">2 Syntax</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-Structure" href="#Structure">2.1 Structure</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Comments" href="#Comments">2.2 Comments</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Commands" href="#Commands">2.3 Commands</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Single_002dLetter-Aliases" href="#Single_002dLetter-Aliases">2.3.1 Single-Letter Aliases</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Implicit-Commands" href="#Implicit-Commands">2.3.2 Implicit Commands</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Arguments" href="#Arguments">2.4 Arguments</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Number-Literals" href="#Number-Literals">2.4.1 Number Literals</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Expressions" href="#Expressions">2.4.2 Expressions</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Variable-Names" href="#Variable-Names">2.4.3 Variable Names</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Colors-1" href="#Colors-1">2.4.4 Colors</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Constants" href="#Constants">2.4.5 Constants</a></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a id="toc-Guide" href="#Guide">3 Guide</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-Paths" href="#Paths">3.1 Paths</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Current-Point" href="#Current-Point">3.1.1 Current Point</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Defining-a-Shape" href="#Defining-a-Shape">3.1.2 Defining a Shape</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Fill" href="#Fill">3.1.3 Fill</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Stroke" href="#Stroke">3.1.4 Stroke</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Clip" href="#Clip">3.1.5 Clip</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Preserving-Paths" href="#Preserving-Paths">3.1.6 Preserving Paths</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Variables" href="#Variables">3.2 Variables</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-User-Variables-1" href="#User-Variables-1">3.2.1 User Variables</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Patterns" href="#Patterns">3.3 Patterns</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Gradients" href="#Gradients">3.3.1 Gradients</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Variables-1" href="#Variables-1">3.3.2 Variables</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Transformations" href="#Transformations">3.4 Transformations</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-State-Stack-1" href="#State-Stack-1">3.5 State Stack</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Frame-Metadata-1" href="#Frame-Metadata-1">3.6 Frame Metadata</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-if-_002f-repeat-Statements" href="#if-_002f-repeat-Statements">3.7 <code class="code">if</code> / <code class="code">repeat</code> Statements</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Comparison-and-Logical-Operators" href="#Comparison-and-Logical-Operators">3.7.1 Comparison and Logical Operators</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Early-Exit" href="#Early-Exit">3.7.2 Early Exit</a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Procedures-1" href="#Procedures-1">3.8 Procedures</a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Functions-in-Expressions" href="#Functions-in-Expressions">3.9 Functions in Expressions</a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Function-p" href="#Function-p">3.9.1 Function <code class="code">p</code></a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Function-pathlen" href="#Function-pathlen">3.9.2 Function <code class="code">pathlen</code></a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Function-randomg" href="#Function-randomg">3.9.3 Function <code class="code">randomg</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Tracing-with-print" href="#Tracing-with-print">3.10 Tracing with <code class="code">print</code></a>
    <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
      <li><a id="toc-Function-print" href="#Function-print">3.10.1 Function print</a></li>
      <li><a id="toc-Command-print-1" href="#Command-print-1">3.10.2 Command <code class="code">print</code></a></li>
    </ul></li>
  </ul></li>
  <li><a id="toc-Commands-1" href="#Commands-1">4 Commands</a>
  <ul class="toc-numbered-mark">
    <li><a id="toc-arc" href="#arc">4.1 <code class="code">arc</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-arcn" href="#arcn">4.2 <code class="code">arcn</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-break" href="#break">4.3 <code class="code">break</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-call" href="#call">4.4 <code class="code">call</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-circle" href="#circle">4.5 <code class="code">circle</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-clip_002c-eoclip" href="#clip_002c-eoclip">4.6 <code class="code">clip</code>, <code class="code">eoclip</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Z_002c-z_002c-closepath" href="#Z_002c-z_002c-closepath">4.7 <code class="code">Z</code>, <code class="code">z</code>, <code class="code">closepath</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-colorstop" href="#colorstop">4.8 <code class="code">colorstop</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-C_002c-curveto" href="#C_002c-curveto">4.9 <code class="code">C</code>, <code class="code">curveto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-c_002c-rcurveto" href="#c_002c-rcurveto">4.10 <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">rcurveto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-defhsla" href="#defhsla">4.11 <code class="code">defhsla</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-defrgba" href="#defrgba">4.12 <code class="code">defrgba</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-ellipse" href="#ellipse">4.13 <code class="code">ellipse</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-fill_002c-eofill" href="#fill_002c-eofill">4.14 <code class="code">fill</code>, <code class="code">eofill</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-getmetadata" href="#getmetadata">4.15 <code class="code">getmetadata</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-H_002c-h" href="#H_002c-h">4.16 <code class="code">H</code>, <code class="code">h</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-if" href="#if">4.17 <code class="code">if</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-lineargrad" href="#lineargrad">4.18 <code class="code">lineargrad</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-L_002c-lineto" href="#L_002c-lineto">4.19 <code class="code">L</code>, <code class="code">lineto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-l_002c-rlineto" href="#l_002c-rlineto">4.20 <code class="code">l</code>, <code class="code">rlineto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-M_002c-moveto" href="#M_002c-moveto">4.21 <code class="code">M</code>, <code class="code">moveto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-m_002c-rmoveto" href="#m_002c-rmoveto">4.22 <code class="code">m</code>, <code class="code">rmoveto</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-newpath" href="#newpath">4.23 <code class="code">newpath</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-preserve" href="#preserve">4.24 <code class="code">preserve</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-print" href="#print">4.25 <code class="code">print</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-proc" href="#proc">4.26 <code class="code">proc</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-Q" href="#Q">4.27 <code class="code">Q</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-q" href="#q">4.28 <code class="code">q</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-radialgrad" href="#radialgrad">4.29 <code class="code">radialgrad</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-rect" href="#rect">4.30 <code class="code">rect</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-repeat" href="#repeat">4.31 <code class="code">repeat</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-resetclip" href="#resetclip">4.32 <code class="code">resetclip</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-resetdash" href="#resetdash">4.33 <code class="code">resetdash</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-resetmatrix" href="#resetmatrix">4.34 <code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-restore" href="#restore">4.35 <code class="code">restore</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-rotate" href="#rotate">4.36 <code class="code">rotate</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-roundedrect" href="#roundedrect">4.37 <code class="code">roundedrect</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-save" href="#save">4.38 <code class="code">save</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-scale" href="#scale">4.39 <code class="code">scale</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-scalexy" href="#scalexy">4.40 <code class="code">scalexy</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setcolor" href="#setcolor">4.41 <code class="code">setcolor</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setdash" href="#setdash">4.42 <code class="code">setdash</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setdashoffset" href="#setdashoffset">4.43 <code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-sethsla" href="#sethsla">4.44 <code class="code">sethsla</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setlinecap" href="#setlinecap">4.45 <code class="code">setlinecap</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setlinejoin" href="#setlinejoin">4.46 <code class="code">setlinejoin</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setlinewidth" href="#setlinewidth">4.47 <code class="code">setlinewidth</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setrgba" href="#setrgba">4.48 <code class="code">setrgba</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-setvar" href="#setvar">4.49 <code class="code">setvar</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-stroke" href="#stroke">4.50 <code class="code">stroke</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-S_002c-s" href="#S_002c-s">4.51 <code class="code">S</code>, <code class="code">s</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-translate" href="#translate">4.52 <code class="code">translate</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-T_002c-t" href="#T_002c-t">4.53 <code class="code">T</code>, <code class="code">t</code></a></li>
    <li><a id="toc-V_002c-v" href="#V_002c-v">4.54 <code class="code">V</code>, <code class="code">v</code></a></li>
  </ul></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>


<a name="Introduction"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">1 Introduction<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Introduction" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Introduction" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h2>

<p>drawvg (<em class="emph">draw vector graphics</em>) is a language to draw
two-dimensional graphics on top of video frames. It is not intended to
be used as a general-purpose language. Since its scope is limited, it
prioritizes being concise and easy to use.
</p>
<p>For example, using the
<a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Canvas_API">Canvas
API</a> we can render a triangle running this code in a Web browser:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">const canvas = document.getElementById(&quot;canvas&quot;);
const ctx = canvas.getContext(&quot;2d&quot;);

ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(125, 50);
ctx.lineTo(100, 100);
ctx.lineTo(150, 100);
ctx.closePath();
ctx.stroke();
</pre></div>

<p>The same triangle can be written with this drawvg script:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 125 50
lineto 100 100 150 100
closepath
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>It can be shortened using the aliases for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a>,
and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclosepath"><code class="code">closepath</code></a>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 125 50
L 100 100 150 100
Z
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>Both newlines (<code class="code">U+000A</code>) and spaces (<code class="code">U+0020</code>) can be used
interchangeably as delimiters, so multiple commands can appear on the
same line:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 125 50 L 100 100 150 100 Z
stroke
</pre></div>


<p>Finally, drawvg can use <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a> and frame metadata in command arguments. In
this example, we are using the variables <var class="var">w</var> (frame width) and <var class="var">h</var>
(frame height) to create a circle in the middle of the frame.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle (w / 2) (h / 2) (w / 3)
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>Many commands are a direct equivalent to a function in the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/">Cairo graphics library</a>. For such
commands, the reference below provides a link to the related Cairo
documentation.
</p>
<a name="Syntax"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">2 Syntax<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Syntax" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Syntax" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h2>


<p>The syntax is heavily inspired by languages like
<a class="uref" href="https://imagemagick.org/script/magick-vector-graphics.php">Magick
Vector Graphics</a>, or <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. Many command names are taken from
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript">PostScript</a>.
</p>
<a name="Structure"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.1 Structure<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Structure" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Structure" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>A drawvg script consists of a series of commands to describe 2D
graphics.
</p>
<p>A command is an identifier (like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a>)
followed by its arguments. Each item in the code (command name,
arguments, etc.) is separated by any of the following characters:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Space (<code class="code">' '</code>)
</li><li>Comma (<code class="code">','</code>)
</li><li>Newline (<code class="code">'\n'</code>)
</li><li>Tabs (<code class="code">'\t'</code>)
</li><li>Return (<code class="code">'\r'</code>)
</li></ul>

<p>The beginning of the item indicates how it will be interpreted:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><span class="r"><code class="code">//</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Comment
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="r"><code class="code">0</code>, &hellip;, <code class="code">9</code>, <code class="code">+</code>, <code class="code">-</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Number literal
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="r"><code class="code">(</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Expression
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="r"><code class="code">{</code>, <code class="code">}</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>Block delimiters
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="r">Anything else</span></dt>
<dd><p>Name of a command, a color, etc.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a name="Comments"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.2 Comments<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Comments" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Comments" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>Comments start with two slashes (<code class="code">//</code>), and stop at the end of the
line (either a <code class="code">\n</code>, or the end of the script).
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle 100 100 50 // this is ignored
fill

// this is also ignored
</pre></div>

<p><code class="code">//</code> must appear after a space, or at the beginning of the line. If
<code class="code">//</code> is preceded by any non-blank character, the parser will
consider <code class="code">//</code> as part of the previous item.
</p>
<p>For example, in this script:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle 10 10 50// something
</pre></div>

<p>The parser throws an error because it tries to parse <code class="code">50//</code> as a
number literal.
</p>
<a name="Commands"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.3 Commands<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Commands" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Commands" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>The way commands are parsed is inspired by <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Every command in the script starts with its name, and it is followed by
zero or more arguments.

</li><li>There are no explicit delimiters between commands or arguments.

<p>Most programming languages expect characters like parenthesis, commas,
or semicolons, to separate items. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto(10, 10); lineto(20, 30);
</pre></div>

<p>The equivalent in drawvg is:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 10 10 lineto 20 30
</pre></div>

</li><li>If the command has no arguments (like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclosepath"><code class="code">closepath</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>), the next command starts at the next item.

</li></ul>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In the next script there are 4 different commands:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">newpath rect 10 20 30 40 setcolor teal fill
</pre></div>

<ol class="enumerate">
<li> <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fnewpath"><code class="code">newpath</code></a> requires no arguments.

</li><li> <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frect"><code class="code">rect</code></a> requires 4 arguments, so it takes the next 4 numbers.

</li><li> <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> requires 1 argument, so it takes the word <code class="code">teal</code>.

</li><li> <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> requires no arguments.
</li></ol>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Single_002dLetter-Aliases"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.3.1 Single-Letter Aliases<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Single_002dLetter-Aliases" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Single_002dLetter-Aliases" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>Most commands in <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a> are also present in drawvg. For some of them,
there is an alias to a longer name:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcurveto"><code class="code">curveto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fC"><code class="code">C</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frcurveto"><code class="code">rcurveto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fc"><code class="code">c</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fL"><code class="code">L</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frlineto"><code class="code">rlineto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fM"><code class="code">M</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frmoveto"><code class="code">rmoveto</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fm"><code class="code">m</code></a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclosepath"><code class="code">closepath</code></a> for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fZ"><code class="code">Z</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fz"><code class="code">z</code></a>.
</li></ul>

<p>Other commands only exist in a single-letter form:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fH"><code class="code">H</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fh"><code class="code">h</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fQ"><code class="code">Q</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fq"><code class="code">q</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fS"><code class="code">S</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fs"><code class="code">s</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fV"><code class="code">V</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fv"><code class="code">v</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fT"><code class="code">T</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ft"><code class="code">t</code></a>
</li></ul>

<p>This makes it possible to use a path in SVG to create the same shape in
a drawvg script.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="implicit-commands"></a><a name="Implicit-Commands"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.3.2 Implicit Commands<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Implicit-Commands" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Implicit-Commands" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>For many commands, the name can be omitted when it is used multiple
times in successive calls.
</p>
<p>In the reference below, these commands has a <em class="emph">Can be Implicit</em> note
in their signature.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>For example, in this script:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 50 50
l 10 10
l 10 -10
l 10 10
l 10 -10
l 10 10
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>After the first call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a> (alias to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frlineto"><code class="code">rlineto</code></a>), the command
can be executed without the name, so it can be written as:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 50 50
l 10 10 10 -10 10 10 10 -10 10 10
stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>To reuse the same command (<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a>, in the previous example), the
parser checks if the item after the last argument is a numeric value,
like a number literal or a FFmpeg expression.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">l 10 20 30 40 stroke
</pre></div>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a> requires 2 arguments, and can be implicit, so the parser
performs this operation:
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> Takes the two next items (<code class="code">10</code> and <code class="code">20</code>) and emits the first
instruction.

</li><li> Checks if the item after <code class="code">20</code> is a numeric value. Since it is
<code class="code">30</code>, it takes <code class="code">30</code> and <code class="code">40</code> and emits the second
instruction (<code class="code">l 30 40</code>).

</li><li> Checks if the next item after <code class="code">40</code> is a numeric value, but it is a
command (<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>), so it stops reusing <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a>.

</li></ol>

</td></tr></table>

<p>This is another feature taken from <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. An important difference with
SVG is that the separator between items is always required. In SVG, it can be
omitted in some cases. For example, the expression <code class="code">m1-2</code> is equivalent to
<code class="code">m 1 -2</code> in SVG, but a syntax error in drawvg.
</p>
<a name="Arguments"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.4 Arguments<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Arguments" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Arguments" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>Most commands expect numeric arguments, like number literals, variable
names, or expressions.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a> expect a color.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinecap"><code class="code">setlinecap</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinejoin"><code class="code">setlinejoin</code></a> expect a constant value.
</p>
<a name="Number-Literals"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.1 Number Literals<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Number-Literals" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Number-Literals" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>A number literal is an item in the script that represents a constant
value. Any item that starts with a decimal digit (between <code class="code">0</code> and
<code class="code">9</code>), a <code class="code">-</code> or a <code class="code">+</code>, is interpreted as a number literal.
</p>
<p>The value is parsed with
<a class="uref" href="https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/trunk/eval_8c.html#a7d21905c92ee5af0bb529d2daf8cb7c3"><code class="code">av_strtod</code></a>.
It supports the prefix <code class="code">0x</code> to write a value with hexadecimal
digits, and
<a class="uref" href="https://ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-utils.html#:~:text=The%20evaluator%20also%20recognizes%20the%20International%20System%20unit%20prefixes">many
units</a> (like <code class="code">K</code> or <code class="code">GiB</code>).
</p>
<p>In the next example, all literals represent the same value:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">10000
1e4
10K
0x2710
</pre></div>

<a name="Expressions"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.2 Expressions<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Expressions" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Expressions" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a> can be used as arguments for any command that expects a numeric
argument. The expression must be enclosed in parenthesis.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The variables <var class="var">w</var> and <var class="var">h</var> represent the width and height of the
frame. We can compute the center of the frame by dividing them by <code class="code">2</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M (w / 2) (h / 2)
</pre></div>

<p>They can also contain parenthesis (to group operations, to call functions,
etc):
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto
    ((w + 10) / 2)      // x
    (h / (2 * cos(t)))  // y
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>The variables <var class="var">n</var> and <var class="var">t</var> can be used to compute a value that changes
over time.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>To draw a circle oscillating from left to right, we can use an
expression based on <code class="code">sin(t)</code> for the <code class="code">x</code> coordinate:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle
    (w / 2 + sin(2 * t) * w / 4)  // x
    (h / 2)                       // y
    (w / 5)                       // radius

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>Expressions can be split in multiple lines, but they can&rsquo;t contain
comments within them.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto   // This is a comment.
    (w   // This is part of the expression, not a comment.
     + h)
</pre></div>

<a name="Variable-Names"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.3 Variable Names<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Variable-Names" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Variable-Names" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>When an expression is only a reference to a variable, the parenthesis
can be omitted, and the item is just the variable name.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The next 3 expressions are equivalent: in all cases, they create a
rectangle covering the whole frame.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">rect (0) (0) (w) (h)

rect 0 0 w h

rect (0) 0 (w) h
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>It is possible to create a variable with the same name of a command, and
then use it as an argument. In the previous example, the item <var class="var">h</var> is a
reference to a variable (frame height), but in other contexts it may be
a command (<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fh"><code class="code">h</code></a>).
</p>
<p>For <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands">implicit commands</a>, the parser prioritizes
commands over variable names when it has to determine if the command is
reused.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the variable <var class="var">c</var> is used as the first argument in two
calls to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a>. However, only the first one is valid, because in the
second call the parser recognizes <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fc"><code class="code">c</code></a> as a command.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar c 5
l c 10 c 15
</pre></div>

<p>This issue can be fixed by surrounding the start of the second call with
parenthesis:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar c 5
l c 10 (c) 15
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="Colors"></a><a name="Colors-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.4 Colors<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Colors-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Colors-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The color to stroke and to fill paths can be set with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a>.
Its argument has the same syntax for colors in FFmpeg:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>A <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Color">predefined color name</a>.

</li><li>In <code class="code">#RRGGBB</code> format.

</li><li>Optionally, an <code class="code">@a</code> suffix can be added to set the alpha value,
where <code class="code">a</code> is a number between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>.
</li></ul>

<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle 70 70 60
setcolor #FF0000
fill

circle 170 170 60
setcolor blue@0.5
fill
</pre></div>

<p>The color can be a variable name. In that case, it must be assigned with
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a>, or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetvar"><code class="code">setvar</code></a> and a color.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle 70 70 60
setvar CustomGreen #22FF44
setcolor CustomGreen
fill

circle 170 170 60
defhsla CustomBlue 200 0.7 0.5 1
setcolor CustomBlue
fill
</pre></div>

<p>The commands <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetrgba"><code class="code">setrgba</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsethsla"><code class="code">sethsla</code></a> allow setting colors using
expressions. Similar to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a>, but with no
intermediate variable.
</p>
<a name="Constants"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.4.5 Constants<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Constants" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Constants" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The argument for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinecap"><code class="code">setlinecap</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinejoin"><code class="code">setlinejoin</code></a> is an
identifier referring to a constant value.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setlinecap round
</pre></div>

<a name="Guide"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">3 Guide<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Guide" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Guide" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h2>

<a name="Paths"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.1 Paths<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Paths" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Paths" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>A path is a complex shape, composed by lines and curves, that can be
used to fill a region, to stroke an outline, or to establish a clip
region.
</p>
<p>In order to draw anything on top of a video frame, first we have to
define a path, and then use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a>.
</p>
<p>The
<a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorials/SVG_from_scratch/Paths">tutorial
on paths in MDN</a> is a good introduction to the topic. It is focused on
<a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>, but the same concepts can be applied in drawvg.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="current-point"></a><a name="Current-Point"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.1 Current Point<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Current-Point" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Current-Point" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>Some commands require a <em class="emph">current point</em>. Initially, the
<em class="emph">current point</em> is set to
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>. It is initialized
with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fM"><code class="code">M</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>. Other commands, like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcurveto"><code class="code">curveto</code></a>, updates the <em class="emph">current point</em> to the new end of the
shape.
</p>
<p>The <em class="emph">current point</em> can be cleared with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fnewpath"><code class="code">newpath</code></a>. Commands
that clear the path, like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a>, also clear the
<em class="emph">current point</em>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frlineto"><code class="code">rlineto</code></a> uses coordinates relative to the <em class="emph">current point</em>.
</p>
<p>Given this script:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 20 100
rlineto 150 -90
rlineto -50 200
closepath
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>These are the coordinates of the <em class="emph">current point</em> after executing
each command:
</p>
<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="50%">Command</th><th width="50%">Current Point</th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">moveto 20 100</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">20, 100</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">rlineto 150 -90</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">170, 10</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">rlineto -10 50</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">140, 210</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">closepath</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">20, 100</code></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p>The same script can be written with single-letter aliases:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 20 100 l 150 -90 -50 200 z stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Defining-a-Shape"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.2 Defining a Shape<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Defining-a-Shape" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Defining-a-Shape" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>A path is defined by adding lines, curves, or basic shapes.
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Basic shapes

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcircle"><code class="code">circle</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fellipse"><code class="code">ellipse</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frect"><code class="code">rect</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005froundedrect"><code class="code">roundedrect</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Lines
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fM"><code class="code">M</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fm"><code class="code">m</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frmoveto"><code class="code">rmoveto</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fH"><code class="code">H</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fh"><code class="code">h</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fV"><code class="code">V</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fv"><code class="code">v</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fL"><code class="code">L</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frlineto"><code class="code">rlineto</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fZ"><code class="code">Z</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fz"><code class="code">z</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclosepath"><code class="code">closepath</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Curves
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farc"><code class="code">arc</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farcn"><code class="code">arcn</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fC"><code class="code">C</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcurveto"><code class="code">curveto</code></a>,
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fc"><code class="code">c</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frcurveto"><code class="code">rcurveto</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fQ"><code class="code">Q</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fq"><code class="code">q</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fS"><code class="code">S</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fs"><code class="code">s</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fT"><code class="code">T</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ft"><code class="code">t</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li></ul>

<p>Single-letter commands are taken from <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="fill-rules"></a><a name="Fill"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.3 Fill<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Fill" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Fill" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The region within the shape defined by a path can be filled with
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a>. Each command uses a different
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-fill-rule-t">fill
rule</a>:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> uses the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-WINDING:CAPS">winding
rule</a>, also known as
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero-rule">nonzero rule</a>.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a> uses the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-EVEN-ODD:CAPS">even&ndash;odd
rule</a>.
</li></ul>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>This script shows the difference between the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-WINDING:CAPS">winding</a>
and
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-EVEN-ODD:CAPS">even&ndash;odd</a>
rules:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">rect 50 10 100 60
circle 150 70 40
setcolor seagreen
fill

rect 50 130 100 60
circle 150 190 40
setcolor skyblue
eofill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Stroke"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.4 Stroke<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Stroke" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Stroke" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a> draws a line around the shape defined by the path. The
stroke can be configured with different commands:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinecap"><code class="code">setlinecap</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinejoin"><code class="code">setlinejoin</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinewidth"><code class="code">setlinewidth</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetdash"><code class="code">resetdash</code></a>
</li></ul>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>This example use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a> to animate the stroke:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 0 0
lineto w h

setlinecap round
setdash 50 50
setlinewidth 20
setdashoffset (hypot(w, h) * t / -3)
setcolor seagreen

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Clip"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.5 Clip<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Clip" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Clip" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>A <a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(computer_graphics)">clip
region</a> can be established with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feoclip"><code class="code">eoclip</code></a>.
</p>
<p>If there is an active clip region, the new clip region will be the
intersection between the existing one and the path. <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetclip"><code class="code">resetclip</code></a>
reset the clip region to the whole frame.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feoclip"><code class="code">eoclip</code></a> uses the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-EVEN-ODD:CAPS">even&ndash;odd
rule</a> to compute the clip region.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">rect 50 50 100 200
clip

circle 30 30 150
setcolor seagreen
fill

// Draw outside the clip region.
resetclip
circle 30 30 150
setlinewidth 3
setcolor skyblue
stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Preserving-Paths"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.1.6 Preserving Paths<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Preserving-Paths" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Preserving-Paths" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The path is cleared after any operation on it, like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>. To reuse the same path in multiple operations,
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a> must be called before them.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, each path is used twice.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle 120 120 50
setcolor seagreen
preserve stroke
clip

circle 100 100 50
setcolor skyblue
preserve fill
setcolor tomato
stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Variables"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.2 Variables<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Variables" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Variables" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>A drawvg can use some variables, provided by the interpreter, to compute
values in <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a>:
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><var class="var">cx</var></dt>
<dd><p>X coordinate of the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">cy</var></dt>
<dd><p>Y coordinate of the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">w</var></dt>
<dd><p>Width, in pixels, of the frame.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">h</var></dt>
<dd><p>Height, in pixels, of the frame.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">i</var></dt>
<dd><p>The loop counter in repeat blocks.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">n</var></dt>
<dd><p>Frame number.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">t</var></dt>
<dd><p>Timestamp, in seconds.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">ts</var></dt>
<dd><p>Timestamp, in seconds, of the first frame.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><var class="var">duration</var></dt>
<dd><p>Duration, in seconds, of the frame.
</p></dd>
</dl>

<a class="anchor" id="User-Variables"></a><a name="User-Variables-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 User Variables<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#User-Variables-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-User-Variables-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>New variables can be created with the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetvar"><code class="code">setvar</code></a> command. It
associates a name with a numeric value.
</p>
<p>The name must follow these rules:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>It must start with an ASCII letter or an underscore (<code class="code">_</code>).

</li><li>It can contain only ASCII letters, underscores, and digits.

</li><li>It must not match the name of a variable provided by the interpreter
(like <var class="var">w</var> or <var class="var">t</var>).
</li></ul>

<p>The same variable can be assigned multiple times.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the result of an expression is stored in a variable
with the name <var class="var">progress</var>. Then, it is used for the <var class="var">x</var> and
<var class="var">width</var> arguments of <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frect"><code class="code">rect</code></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar progress (w * (pow(mod(t / 2 + 0.5, 1), 2.5)))

rect ((w - progress) / 2) 0 progress h

setcolor darkblue
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>Currently, a script can contain only 20 different variable names, but
this limit can be modified in the future.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="current-pattern"></a><a name="Patterns"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.3 Patterns<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Patterns" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Patterns" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>The pattern for fill and stroke operations can be either a solid color,
or a gradient.
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Solid colors.

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsethsla"><code class="code">sethsla</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetrgba"><code class="code">setrgba</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Gradients.

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineargrad"><code class="code">lineargrad</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fradialgrad"><code class="code">radialgrad</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li></ul>

<p>The pattern is not cleared after being used in a fill or stroke
operation, but it is replaced by any command that sets a new pattern.
</p>
<a name="Gradients"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.1 Gradients<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Gradients" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Gradients" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>To configure a gradient, first call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineargrad"><code class="code">lineargrad</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fradialgrad"><code class="code">radialgrad</code></a>, and then add color stops by calling <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a>
for each stop.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the whole frame is filled with a linear gradient:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">lineargrad 0 0 w h
colorstop 0 skyblue
colorstop 1 darkblue

rect 0 0 w h
fill
</pre></div>

<p>In this example, a radial gradient is used to simulate a sphere:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">radialgrad 90 90 5 120 120 100
colorstop 0.0 #90DDFF
colorstop 0.9 #000030
colorstop 1.0 #000000

rect 0 0 w h
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Variables-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.3.2 Variables<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Variables-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Variables-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a> accept a variable name as the
argument. The variable must be assigned with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a>,
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a>, or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetvar"><code class="code">setvar</code></a> and a color.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">// Use color #1020FF, alpha = 50%
setvar someblue #1020FF@0.5

setcolor someblue

rect 30 30 120 120
fill

rect 90 90 120 120
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>If a variable has the same name of a <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Color">known color</a>, the
variable has preference, and will be used instead of the predefined color.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setcolor teal
rect 30 30 120 120
fill

setvar teal #70AAAA
setcolor teal         // Use the new color for `teal`.
rect 90 90 120 120
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a> assign a color to a variable, by providing
an expression for each color component:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>For <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a>: <em class="emph">red</em>, <em class="emph">green</em>, <em class="emph">blue</em>, and
<em class="emph">alpha</em>.

</li><li>For <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a>: <em class="emph">hue</em>, <em class="emph">saturation</em>, <em class="emph">lightness</em>, and
<em class="emph">alpha</em>.
</li></ul>

<p>Each color component must be in range <code class="code">0</code> to <code class="code">1</code>, except
<em class="emph">hue</em>, which is <code class="code">0</code> to <code class="code">360</code>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">defrgba colorA 1 0.5 0.25 1     // colorA = RGB(255, 127, 63)
defhsla colorB 200 0.75 0.25 1  // colorB = HSL(200, 75%, 25%)

rect 0 0 (w / 2) h
setcolor colorA
fill

rect (w / 2) 0 (w / 2) h
setcolor colorB
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="transformation-matrix"></a><a name="Transformations"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.4 Transformations<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Transformations" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Transformations" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>The coordinates for each command can be scaled, rotated, and translated,
by using the following commands:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frotate"><code class="code">rotate</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscale"><code class="code">scale</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscalexy"><code class="code">scalexy</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ftranslate"><code class="code">translate</code></a>
</li></ul>

<p>The transformations are applied when the command is executed. They have
no effect on the existing path, only on the new segments added to it.
</p>
<p>They are done by updating the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Transformations.html">current
transformation matrix</a> in the Cairo context. To reset the matrix to its
original state, before any transformation, use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetmatrix"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a>.
</p>
<p>The transform origin for scale and rotation is initially at <code class="code">0, 0</code>,
but it can be adjusted with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ftranslate"><code class="code">translate</code></a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">// Map (0, 0) as the center of the frame.
translate (w / 2) (h / 2)

// Scale the space as if the frame is 1x1 pixel.
scalexy w h

// Draw multiple lines with the same arguments,
// but each one on a different rotation.
repeat 10 {
    rotate (PI / 10)
    M -0.25 0
    H 0.25
}

// Reset transformations, so the scale does not
// affect stroke.
resetmatrix

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="State-Stack"></a><a name="State-Stack-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.5 State Stack<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#State-Stack-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-State-Stack-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>The state of a drawvg script contains all parameters used for drawing
operations, like the current color, the transformation matrix, the
stroke configuration, etc.
</p>
<p>The <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsave"><code class="code">save</code></a> command pushes a snapshot of the state to an internal
stack. Later, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frestore"><code class="code">restore</code></a> pops the latest snapshot from the stack,
and uses it as the new state.
</p>
<p>The parameters that can be saved and restored are:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>Pattern for stroke and fill operations.

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineargrad"><code class="code">lineargrad</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fradialgrad"><code class="code">radialgrad</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetrgba"><code class="code">setrgba</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsethsla"><code class="code">sethsla</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Transformation matrix.

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetmatrix"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frotate"><code class="code">rotate</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscale"><code class="code">scale</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscalexy"><code class="code">scalexy</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ftranslate"><code class="code">translate</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Stroke configuration.

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinecap"><code class="code">setlinecap</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinejoin"><code class="code">setlinejoin</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetlinewidth"><code class="code">setlinewidth</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li><li>Clip region

<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetclip"><code class="code">resetclip</code></a>
</li></ul>

</li></ul>

<a class="anchor" id="Frame-Metadata"></a><a name="Frame-Metadata-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.6 Frame Metadata<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Frame-Metadata-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Frame-Metadata-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>Some FFmpeg filters add metadata to frames. The command
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fgetmetadata"><code class="code">getmetadata</code></a> can read metadata items containing a numeric value,
and store it in a variable that can be used for command arguments.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The <code class="code">cropdetect</code> filter computes the parameters to remove empty
regions around the video. These parameters are accessible in the
<code class="code">lavfi.cropdetect</code> keys of the frame metadata.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">// Get metadata from cropdetect filter and store it
// in `cd*` variables.
getmetadata cdx lavfi.cropdetect.x
getmetadata cdy lavfi.cropdetect.y
getmetadata cdw lavfi.cropdetect.w
getmetadata cdh lavfi.cropdetect.h

rect cdx cdy cdw cdh
setcolor yellow@0.5
setlinewidth 10
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>To test the script, copy it to a <code class="code">drawcropdetect.vgs</code> file, and
then execute a command like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">ffplay -i example-video.webm -vf 'cropdetect, drawvg=file=drawcropdetect.vgs'
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="if-_002f-repeat-Statements"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.7 <code class="code">if</code> / <code class="code">repeat</code> Statements<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#if-_002f-repeat-Statements" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-if-_002f-repeat-Statements" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>There is limited support for control flow statements: only <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fif"><code class="code">if</code></a> and
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a>.
</p>
<p>Both commands receive two arguments: an expression and a block.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">if (condition) {
    // commands
}

repeat (count) {
    // commands
}
</pre></div>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fif"><code class="code">if</code></a> executes its block if the result of <code class="code">(condition)</code> is not
zero.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> executes its block the number of times specified by
<code class="code">(count)</code>. In each iteration, the variable <var class="var">i</var> is used as a
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_loop#Loop_counters">loop
counter</a>.
</p>
<p>If the result of the expression is not a finite number (like
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>) the block is not
executed.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="comp_002doperators"></a><a name="Comparison-and-Logical-Operators"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.7.1 Comparison and Logical Operators<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Comparison-and-Logical-Operators" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Comparison-and-Logical-Operators" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a> only supports arithmetic operators (like <code class="code">+</code> for addition).
Comparison operators (like <code class="code">!=</code>) are supported via functions, while
logical operators (like <code class="code">&amp;&amp;</code> for <code class="code">AND</code>) can be emulated with
arithmetic operations.
</p>
<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="50%">Expression</th><th width="50%">FFmpeg Equivalent</th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x = y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">eq(x, y)</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x &lt; y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">lt(x, y)</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x &gt; y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">gt(x, y)</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x ≤ y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">lte(x, y)</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x ≥ y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">gte(x, y)</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">a ≤ x ≤ b</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">between(x, a, b)</code></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p>Logical operators can be emulated with multiplication (for <code class="code">AND</code>),
or addition (for <code class="code">OR</code>):
</p>
<table class="multitable">
<thead><tr><th width="50%">Expression</th><th width="50%">FFmpeg Equivalent</th></tr></thead>
<tbody><tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x OR y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">x + y</code></td></tr>
<tr><td width="50%"><code class="code">x AND y</code></td><td width="50%"><code class="code">x * y</code></td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In other programming languages, a code like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">if (x &gt; y &amp;&amp; z != 1) {
    // …
}
</pre></div>

<p>Can be written for drawvg like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">if (gt(x, y) * not(eq(z, 1))) {
    // …
}
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Early-Exit"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.7.2 Early Exit<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Early-Exit" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Early-Exit" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fbreak"><code class="code">break</code></a> causes a <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> loop to be terminated immediately.
</p>
<p>If it is executed outside a <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> block, it terminates the whole
script, or the current procedure.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, we are using the <a class="ref" href="#func_002drandomg"><code class="code">randomg</code></a> function
to draw a line with random segments.
</p>
<p>The loop can be executed <code class="code">500</code> times, but it is interrupted if the X
coordinate of the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> (<var class="var">cx</var>) exceeds the frame width
(<var class="var">w</var>). The <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> is updated after each call to
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frlineto"><code class="code">rlineto</code></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 0 0

repeat 500 {
    rlineto
        (randomg(0) * 15)
        (randomg(0) * 20)

    if (gt(cx, w)) {
        break
    }
}

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="Procedures"></a><a name="Procedures-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.8 Procedures<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Procedures-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Procedures-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>A procedure is a name associated with a block that can be executed
multiple times. It can take between 0 and 6 parameters.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a> is used to set the parameter names and the block for a
procedure:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">proc p0 {
    // …
}

proc p1 param1 param2 {
    // …
}
</pre></div>

<p>Inside the block, the arguments can be accessed as regular variables:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">proc square center_x center_y side {
    rect
        (center_x - side / 2) (center_y - side / 2)
        side side
}
</pre></div>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcall"><code class="code">call</code></a> executes the block assigned to the procedure name. It
requires the name of the procedure, and the value for each parameter
defined in the call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">call p0

call p1 1 2

call square (w / 2) (h / 2) (w / t)
</pre></div>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the procedure <code class="code">zigzag</code> draws multiple lines from
the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar len (w / 10)
setlinewidth 5

proc zigzag {
    repeat 10 {
        l len len len (-len)
    }

    stroke
}

setcolor #40C0FF
M 0 60
call zigzag

setcolor #00AABB
M 0 120
call zigzag

setcolor #20F0B7
M 0 180
call zigzag
</pre></div>

<p>The color and the Y coordinate of the starting point can be sent as
procedure arguments:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar len (w / 10)
setlinewidth 5

proc zigzag color y {
    setcolor color

    M 0 y
    repeat 10 {
        l len len len (-len)
    }

    stroke
}

call zigzag #40C0FF 60
call zigzag #00AABB 120
call zigzag #20F0B7 180
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>When the procedure returns, the value of the variable for each argument
is restored to the value it had before calling the procedure. Changes in
other variables (with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetvar"><code class="code">setvar</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fgetmetadata"><code class="code">getmetadata</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefhsla"><code class="code">defhsla</code></a>,
and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fdefrgba"><code class="code">defrgba</code></a>) are preserved.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In the next example, the variable <var class="var">A</var> has the value <code class="code">0</code> before
calling the procedure <var class="var">P</var>. During the execution of <var class="var">P</var>,
<code class="code">A</code> is <code class="code">1</code>, but after it, <var class="var">A</var> is <code class="code">0</code> again.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar A 0

proc P A {
    print A
}

print A
call P 1
print A
</pre></div>

<p>It writes the following messages:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">[7:7] A = 0.000
[4:8] A = 1.000
[9:7] A = 0.000
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fbreak"><code class="code">break</code></a> causes the script to leave the current procedure, similar
to the
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_statement"><code class="code">return</code>
statement</a> in other programming languages, unless it is called within a
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> loop.
</p>
<p>The body of the procedure must be defined with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a> <em class="emph">before</em>
using <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcall"><code class="code">call</code></a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, when the procedure <code class="code">notyet</code> is called, its body
has not yet defined, so the execution fails with the error
<code class="code">Missing body for procedure 'notyet'</code>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">call notyet

proc notyet {
    // ...
}
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>A procedure can be redefined by other calls to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a> with the same
name. In such case, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcall"><code class="code">call</code></a> invokes the last assigned block.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the procedure <code class="code">example</code> has two different blocks.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">proc example {
    // block1
}

call example    // executes block1

proc example {
    // block2
}

call example    // executes block2
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Functions-in-Expressions"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.9 Functions in Expressions<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Functions-in-Expressions" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Functions-in-Expressions" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>There are some functions specific to drawvg available in <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a>.
</p>
<a name="Function-p"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.9.1 Function <code class="code">p</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Function-p" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Function-p" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><code class="code">p(x, y)</code> returns the color of the pixel at coordinates <code class="code">x, y</code>, as a
<code class="code">0xRRGGBBAA</code> value. It can be assigned to a variable, so the color can be
available for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a> commands.
</p>
<p>If a single expression contains multiple calls to the function, it must return
the value of the last call in order to use it as a color.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the first call to <code class="code">p(0, 0)</code> is stored in the variable
<var class="var">0</var> of the expression. Then, the same expression makes a second call to
<code class="code">p(1, 1)</code>, and finally it returns the value in the variable <var class="var">0</var>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar pixel (st(0, p(0, 0)); p(1, 1); ld(0))
</pre></div>

<p>Since the result of the expression is not the last call to <code class="code">p</code>, the
variable <var class="var">pixel</var> can not be used as a color, but it still can be used as
a numeric <code class="code">0xRRGGBBAA</code> value.
</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>If the coordinates are outside the frame, or any of the arguments is not
a finite number (like
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>), the function
returns <code class="code">NaN</code>.
</p>
<p>The <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a> is applied to the
arguments. To use the original frame coordinates, call
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetmatrix"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a> between <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsave"><code class="code">save</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frestore"><code class="code">restore</code></a>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">save
resetmatrix
setvar pixel (p(0, 0))    // top-left pixel of the frame.
restore

setcolor pixel
</pre></div>

<p>Bitwise operations can be used to extract individual color components:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">setvar pixel (p(x, y))

if (not(isnan(pixel))) {
    setvar px_red   (pixel / 0x1000000)
    setvar px_green (bitand(pixel / 0x10000, 0xFF))
    setvar px_blue  (bitand(pixel / 0x100, 0xFF))
    setvar px_alpha (bitand(pixel, 0xFF))
}
</pre></div>

<a name="Function-pathlen"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.9.2 Function <code class="code">pathlen</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Function-pathlen" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Function-pathlen" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><code class="code">pathlen(n)</code> computes the length of the current path, by adding the
length of each line segment returned by
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-copy-path-flat"><code class="code">cairo_copy_path_flat</code></a>.
</p>
<p>The function expects an argument <var class="var">n</var>, as the maximum number of line
segments to add to the length, or <code class="code">0</code> to add all segments.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, <code class="code">pathlen</code> is used to animate the stroke of a
spiral, in a 5 seconds loop.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M (w / 2) (h / 2)

setvar a -1
repeat 16 {
    rcurveto
        (a * 2 / 3) 0
        (a * 2 / 3) (a)
        0 (a)

    setvar a (-sgn(a) * (abs(a) + 10))
}

setlinewidth 3
setdash
    (pathlen(0) * (1 - mod(t / 5, 1)))
    1e6

setcolor teal
stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="func_002drandomg"></a><a name="Function-randomg"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.9.3 Function <code class="code">randomg</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Function-randomg" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Function-randomg" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p><code class="code">randomg(idx)</code> is similar to the <code class="code">random(idx)</code> function,
available in <a data-manual="ffmpeg-utils" href="ffmpeg-utils.html#Expression-Evaluation">FFmpeg expressions</a>, but its state is global to the frame, instead
of specific to each expression.
</p>
<p>To understand the difference, we need to dive into how
<code class="code">random(idx)</code> works inside a drawvg script.
</p>
<p>First, each expression in FFmpeg has a set of 10 internal variables,
which can be written with <code class="code">st(idx, value)</code>, and can be read with
<code class="code">ld(idx)</code>. <var class="var">idx</var> is a value between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">9</code>.
These variables are initialized to <code class="code">0</code>.
</p>
<p>When a drawvg script is parsed, each expression is compiled with
<a class="uref" href="https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/8.0/eval_8h.html#ad3bf8f3330d1fd139de2ca156c313f34"><code class="code">av_expr_parse</code></a>,
from <a class="uref" href="https://ffmpeg.org/libavutil.html">libavutil</a>, and these
compiled expressions are reused for every frame. The changes in the
internal variables (with <code class="code">st(idx, value)</code>) are visible between
frames, but they are not shared between expressions.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the expression for the X coordinate updates its
internal variable <code class="code">0</code> in every frame:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle
    (st(0, mod(ld(0) + 15, w))) // X
    120                         // Y
    (ld(0) + 20)                // radius

fill
</pre></div>

<p><code class="code">st(idx, value)</code> returns the updated value, so it can be used as
the result of the expression.
</p>
<p>The radius is not affected because its internal variable (from
<code class="code">ld(0)</code>) is not updated by the other expression.
</p>
<p>Also, note that this example is just to show how internal variables are
kept between frames. A better approach to create this animation is to
use the variables n or t:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle (mod(n * 15, w)) 120 20
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p>The function <code class="code">random(idx)</code> returns a
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator">pseudorandom</a>
value between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>. <var class="var">idx</var> is the internal variable
that is used both as the seed and to keep the state of the number
generator.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The next example uses <code class="code">random(0)</code> to generate a random value for
the center of a circle:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle
    (random(0) * w)
    (random(0) * h)
    10

fill
</pre></div>

<p>The circle in every frame is at a different position, but always on the
diagonal line of the frame. This happens because the values for the
coordinates X and Y are identical, since both number generators use the
same seed.
</p>
<p>To distribute the circles over the whole frame we need different seeds
for each expression. This can be achieved by writing a non-zero value
(like <code class="code">0xF0F0</code>) to the internal variable of one of expressions, but
only when its value is <code class="code">0</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">circle
    (random(0) * w)
    (st(0, if(ld(0), ld(0), 0xF0F0)); random(0) * h)
    10

fill
</pre></div>

<p>This approach is only useful if we need completely different positions
in each frame. In the next example, random values are used to distribute
many circles over the frame, but the position is fixed. The only change
over time is the fill color:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">repeat 20 {
    circle
        (st(0, i + 1e5); random(0) * w)
        (st(0, i + 1e10); random(0) * h)
        10
}

sethsla (t * 60) 0.5 0.5 1
preserve fill

setcolor black@0.5
setlinewidth 1
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>This is achieved by using a precomputed state before calling <code class="code">random(0)</code>.
The variable <var class="var">i</var>, updated by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a>, is needed to compute
different states in each iteration.
</p>
</td></tr></table>

<p>The <code class="code">randomg(idx)</code> function, which is specific to drawvg scripts,
is similar to <code class="code">random(idx)</code>, but intended to solve the previous
problems:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>All frames have the same seed.
</li><li>The state is shared between expressions.
</li></ul>

<p>The parameter <var class="var">idx</var> has two uses:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>The last two bits are the index of an internal state, so it is possible
to have 4 different number generators.

</li><li>The first call to <code class="code">randomg</code> with a specific index will use the
argument as the seed for the number generator in that index.
</li></ul>

<p>In a script like this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M (randomg(0xFF1)) (randomg(0xFF0))
l (randomg(0xAA1)) (randomg(0xFF0))
</pre></div>

<p>There are 4 calls to <code class="code">randomg</code>:
</p>
<ol class="enumerate">
<li> The first call, with the argument <code class="code">0xFF1</code>, uses the internal state
at index <code class="code">1</code> (because <code class="code">0xFF1</code> modulo <code class="code">4</code> is <code class="code">1</code>).

<p>Since this is the first use of that index, the number generator is
initialized with the seed <code class="code">0xFF1</code>.
</p>
</li><li> The second call has the same behaviour: it initializes the state at
index <code class="code">0</code> with the value <code class="code">0xFF0</code>.

</li><li> The third call has the argument <code class="code">0xAA1</code>, and it uses index
<code class="code">1</code>. Since that state is already initialized (with the seed
<code class="code">0xFF1</code>), the value <code class="code">0xAA1</code> is ignored, and it returns the
next number.

</li></ol>

<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>This example renders a simple rain animation, moving lines from top to
bottom.
</p>
<p><code class="code">randomg</code> is used to distribute the lines over the frame, and to
apply different speeds to each one.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">rect 0 0 w h
setcolor midnightblue
fill

setcolor white

repeat 50 {
    setvar offset (t * (randomg(0) + 1))

    moveto
        (mod(randomg(0) + offset / 6, 1) * w)
        (mod(randomg(0) + offset, 1) * h)

    rlineto 6 36

    setlinewidth (randomg(1) / 2 + 0.2)
    stroke
}
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a name="Tracing-with-print"></a>
<h3 class="section">3.10 Tracing with <code class="code">print</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Tracing-with-print" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Tracing-with-print" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p>It is possible to trace the execution of a drawvg script by printing the
value of an expression, either with the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fprint"><code class="code">print</code></a> command, or with
the print function.
</p>
<p>In both cases, the values are written to the FFmpeg log.
</p>
<p>Printing expressions may have a noticeable impact on the performance, so
it is preferable to use it only when necessary.
</p>
<a name="Function-print"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.1 Function print<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Function-print" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Function-print" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The function <code class="code">print(t)</code> writes the value of t, and returns its
argument.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>Given a line line this:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M (sin(2 * PI * t) * w) 0
</pre></div>

<p>We can see the values of <code class="code">sin(2 * PI * t)</code> by surrounding it with a
call to <code class="code">print()</code>:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M (print(sin(2 * PI * t)) * w) 0
</pre></div>

<p>Executing this script with a 1 second / 8 FPS video shows the expected
values for the sine function.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">$ ffmpeg \
    -f lavfi \
    -i 'color=r=8:d=1, drawvg=M (print(sin(2 * PI * t)) * w) 0' \
    -f null /dev/null \
  |&amp; grep 'Eval @'

[Eval @ 0x7f500f502d20] 0.000000
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784b420] 0.707107
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784ba20] 1.000000
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784c020] 0.707107
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784c620] 0.000000
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784cc20] -0.707107
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784d220] -1.000000
[Eval @ 0x7f4ff784d820] -0.707107
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="Command-print"></a><a name="Command-print-1"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">3.10.2 Command <code class="code">print</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Command-print-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Command-print-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h4>

<p>The command <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fprint"><code class="code">print</code></a> accepts an arbitrary number of arguments, and
for each one it writes:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li>The source location (line and column).
</li><li>The source code of the expression.
</li><li>The result of evaluating the expression.
</li></ul>

<p>When there are multiple expressions, they are separated by the <code class="code">|</code>
character.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The next script prints the position of the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> after the
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fl"><code class="code">l</code></a> command:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 10 20
l 100 100
print cx cy
stroke
</pre></div>

<p>For each frame, it produces this output:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">[3:7] cx = 110.000000 | [3:10] cy = 120.000000
</pre>
<p>The next example prints the values of <code class="code">random(0)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">$ ffmpeg \
    -f lavfi \
    -i 'color=r=8:d=1, drawvg=print (random(0))' \
    -f null /dev/null \
  |&amp; grep 'drawvg @'

[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.229731
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.959813
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.071676
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.044600
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.134127
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.320513
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.857675
[drawvg @ 0x50a000000180] [1:7] (random(0)) = 0.562456
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a name="Commands-1"></a>
<h2 class="chapter">4 Commands<span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Commands-1" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Commands-1" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h2>


<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005farc"></a><a name="arc"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.1 <code class="code">arc</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#arc" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-arc" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">arc <var class="var">xc</var> <var class="var">yc</var> <var class="var">radius</var> <var class="var">angle1</var> <var class="var">angle2</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Adds a circular arc of the given <var class="var">radius</var> to the current path. The
arc is centered at <var class="var">xc, yc</var>, begins at <var class="var">angle1</var> and proceeds
in the direction of increasing angles to end at <var class="var">angle2</var>.
</p>
<p>If there is a <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>, a line is added from it to the beginning of
the arc. If this is not desired, use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fnewpath"><code class="code">newpath</code></a> before <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farc"><code class="code">arc</code></a> to clear
the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-arc"><code class="code">cairo_arc</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">arc 120 120 60 0 (3 * PI / 2)
stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005farcn"></a><a name="arcn"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.2 <code class="code">arcn</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#arcn" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-arcn" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">arcn <var class="var">xc</var> <var class="var">yc</var> <var class="var">radius</var> <var class="var">angle1</var> <var class="var">angle2</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Similar to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farc"><code class="code">arc</code></a>, but it differs in the direction of the arc
between the two angles.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-arc-negative"><code class="code">cairo_arc_negative</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, both <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farc"><code class="code">arc</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farcn"><code class="code">arcn</code></a> have the same angles,
but they render different arcs:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">arc  120  90 60 (PI / 2) 0

newpath
arcn 120 150 60 (PI / 2) 0

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fnewpath"><code class="code">newpath</code></a> is needed to prevent a line between the two arcs.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fbreak"></a><a name="break"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.3 <code class="code">break</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#break" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-break" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">break</code></b>
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fbreak"><code class="code">break</code></a> terminates the execution of the innermost block, either a
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> loop or a procedure.
</p>
<p>If it is used outside of a <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> / <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a> block, it
terminates the script for the current frame.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fcall"></a><a name="call"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.4 <code class="code">call</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#call" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-call" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">call <var class="var">name</var> <var class="var">args</var>*</code></b>
</p>
<p>Invokes a procedure defined by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fproc"><code class="code">proc</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#Procedures">Procedures</a> section above for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fcircle"></a><a name="circle"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.5 <code class="code">circle</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#circle" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-circle" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">circle <var class="var">xc</var> <var class="var">yc</var> <var class="var">radius</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Adds a circle of the given <var class="var">radius</var> to the current path. The circle
is centered at <var class="var">xc, yc</var>. The <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> is cleared before and
after adding the circle.
</p>
<p>This is a convenience wrapper for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005farc"><code class="code">arc</code></a>. A call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcircle"><code class="code">circle</code></a> is
equivalent to:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">newpath
arc xc yc radius (0) (2 * PI)
newpath
</pre></div>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fclip"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005feoclip"></a><a name="clip_002c-eoclip"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.6 <code class="code">clip</code>, <code class="code">eoclip</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#clip_002c-eoclip" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-clip_002c-eoclip" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">clip, eoclip</code></b>
</p>
<p>Establishes a new clip region by intersecting the current clip region
with the current path as it would be filled by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a>.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feoclip"><code class="code">eoclip</code></a> uses the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-EVEN-ODD:CAPS">even&ndash;odd
rule</a>. See <a class="ref" href="#fill-rules">fill rules</a> for more details.
</p>
<p>The path is cleared after updating the clip region, unless the
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a> command is used before <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feoclip"><code class="code">eoclip</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-clip"><code class="code">cairo_clip</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fZ"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fz"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fclosepath"></a><a name="Z_002c-z_002c-closepath"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.7 <code class="code">Z</code>, <code class="code">z</code>, <code class="code">closepath</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Z_002c-z_002c-closepath" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Z_002c-z_002c-closepath" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">Z, z, closepath</code></b>
</p>
<p>Adds a line segment to the path from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the beginning
of the current sub-path, and closes this sub-path. The beginning is set by any
of the <em class="emph">move</em> commands (<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fM"><code class="code">M</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fm"><code class="code">m</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>,
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frmoveto"><code class="code">rmoveto</code></a>).
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-close-path"><code class="code">cairo_close_path</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fcolorstop"></a><a name="colorstop"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.8 <code class="code">colorstop</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#colorstop" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-colorstop" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">colorstop <var class="var">offset</var> <var class="var">color</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Adds a color stop to a gradient pattern.
</p>
<p><var class="var">offset</var> is a value between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>, and it specifies
the location along the gradient&rsquo;s control vector.
</p>
<p>This command must be executed after <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineargrad"><code class="code">lineargrad</code></a> or
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fradialgrad"><code class="code">radialgrad</code></a>.
</p>
<p>Color stops can be added in any number of calls to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a>. In
the next example, the 3 blocks define the same gradient:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">// 1
colorstop 0.0 red
colorstop 0.5 green
colorstop 1.0 blue

// 2
colorstop 0 red 0.5 green
colorstop 1 blue

// 3
colorstop 0 red 0.5 green 1 blue
</pre></div>

<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-pattern-t.html#cairo-pattern-add-color-stop-rgba"><code class="code">cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgba</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, color stops are added in a <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frepeat"><code class="code">repeat</code></a> loop.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">lineargrad 0 0 w h

repeat 6 {
    defhsla s (i * 60) 0.8 0.5 1
    colorstop (i / 5) s
}

rect 0 0 w h
fill
</pre></div>

<p>It is possible to avoid transitions between color stops by repeating the
same color in two stops:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">lineargrad 0 0 w h

repeat 6 {
    defhsla s (i * 60) 0.8 0.5 1
    colorstop (i / 5) s
    colorstop ((i + 1) / 5) s
}

rect 0 0 w h
fill
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fC"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fcurveto"></a><a name="C_002c-curveto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.9 <code class="code">C</code>, <code class="code">curveto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#C_002c-curveto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-C_002c-curveto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">C, curveto <var class="var">x1</var> <var class="var">y1</var> <var class="var">x2</var> <var class="var">y2</var> <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a cubic Bézier curve from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the <em class="emph">end point</em>
specified by <var class="var">x, y</var>. The <em class="emph">start control point</em> is specified by
<var class="var">x1, y1</var> and the <em class="emph">end control point</em> is specified by <var class="var">x2, y2</var>.
</p>


<p>The behaviour is identical to the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fC"><code class="code">C</code></a> command in <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. For more
details, see <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Attribute/d#cubic_b%C3%A9zier_curve">Cubic Bézier Curve on MDN</a>, and the <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorials/SVG_from_scratch/Paths#curve_commands">Curve Commands section of the Paths tutorial on MDN</a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">moveto 20 20

curveto
    0 (h / 2)           // start control point
    w (h / 2)           // end control point
    (w - 20) (h - 20)   // end point

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fc"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frcurveto"></a><a name="c_002c-rcurveto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.10 <code class="code">c</code>, <code class="code">rcurveto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#c_002c-rcurveto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-c_002c-rcurveto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">c, rcurveto <var class="var">dx1</var> <var class="var">dy1</var> <var class="var">dx2</var> <var class="var">dy2</var> <var class="var">dx</var> <var class="var">dy</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcurveto"><code class="code">curveto</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fdefhsla"></a><a name="defhsla"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.11 <code class="code">defhsla</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#defhsla" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-defhsla" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">defhsla varname <var class="var">h</var> <var class="var">s</var> <var class="var">l</var> <var class="var">a</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Similar to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsethsla"><code class="code">sethsla</code></a>, but instead of establishing the color for
stroke and fill operations, the computed color is assigned to the
variable <var class="var">varname</var>.
</p>
<p><var class="var">varname</var> can then be used as a color for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetcolor"><code class="code">setcolor</code></a> and
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsethsla"><code class="code">sethsla</code></a> for more details on how the color is computed.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fdefrgba"></a><a name="defrgba"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.12 <code class="code">defrgba</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#defrgba" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-defrgba" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">defrgba varname <var class="var">r</var> <var class="var">g</var> <var class="var">b</var> <var class="var">a</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Computes a color from the <em class="emph">red</em>, <em class="emph">green</em>, <em class="emph">blue</em>, and
<em class="emph">alpha</em> components, and assigns it to the variable <var class="var">varname</var>.
</p>
<p>All components are values between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>. Values outside
that range are clamped to it.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fellipse"></a><a name="ellipse"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.13 <code class="code">ellipse</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#ellipse" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-ellipse" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">ellipse <var class="var">cx</var> <var class="var">cy</var> <var class="var">rx</var> <var class="var">ry</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Adds an ellipse to the current path. Similar to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcircle"><code class="code">circle</code></a>, but it is
possible to use different radius for both axes.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<pre class="verbatim">ellipse 120 120 75 50
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005ffill"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005feofill"></a><a name="fill_002c-eofill"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.14 <code class="code">fill</code>, <code class="code">eofill</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#fill_002c-eofill" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-fill_002c-eofill" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">fill, eofill</code></b>
</p>
<p>Fill the current path, using the <a class="ref" href="#current-pattern">current pattern</a> (either
a solid color or a gradient).
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a> uses the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#CAIRO-FILL-RULE-EVEN-ODD:CAPS">even&ndash;odd
rule</a>. See <a class="ref" href="#fill-rules">fill rules</a> for more details.
</p>
<p>The path is cleared after the operation, unless the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a>
command is used before <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> or <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-fill"><code class="code">cairo_fill</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fgetmetadata"></a><a name="getmetadata"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.15 <code class="code">getmetadata</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#getmetadata" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-getmetadata" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">getmetadata <var class="var">varname</var> <var class="var">key</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Get the value of a metadata entry created by another filter, and assign
it to the variable <var class="var">varname</var>.
</p>
<p>If there is no metadata entry for <var class="var">key</var>, or its value is not a
number, <var class="var">varname</var> is set to
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#Frame-Metadata">Frame Metadata</a> section above for an
example.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fH"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fh"></a><a name="H_002c-h"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.16 <code class="code">H</code>, <code class="code">h</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#H_002c-h" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-H_002c-h" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">H, h <var class="var">x</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a horizontal line from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to x.
</p>
<p>The coordinate for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fH"><code class="code">H</code></a> is absolute, and for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fh"><code class="code">h</code></a> it is relative
to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fif"></a><a name="if"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.17 <code class="code">if</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#if" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-if" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">if <var class="var">condition</var> { <var class="var">block</var> }</code></b>
</p>
<p>Executes a block if the value of <var class="var">condition</var> is not zero, and a
finite number (unlike
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>).
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#comp_002doperators">Comparison and Logical Operators</a> section
above for more details on how to write conditional expressions.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005flineargrad"></a><a name="lineargrad"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.18 <code class="code">lineargrad</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#lineargrad" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-lineargrad" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">lineargrad <var class="var">x0</var> <var class="var">y0</var> <var class="var">x1</var> <var class="var">y1</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the <a class="ref" href="#current-pattern">current pattern</a> to a new linear gradient, along
the line from the coordinates <var class="var">x0, y0</var> to <var class="var">x1, y1</var>.
</p>
<p>This gradient can be used for stroke and fill operations.
</p>
<p>Use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a> to set the color for each position in the gradient.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fL"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005flineto"></a><a name="L_002c-lineto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.19 <code class="code">L</code>, <code class="code">lineto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#L_002c-lineto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-L_002c-lineto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">L, lineto <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a line from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the coordinates at <var class="var">x, y</var>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-line-to"><code class="code">cairo_line_to</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fl"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frlineto"></a><a name="l_002c-rlineto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.20 <code class="code">l</code>, <code class="code">rlineto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#l_002c-rlineto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-l_002c-rlineto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">l, rlineto <var class="var">dx</var> <var class="var">dy</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005flineto"><code class="code">lineto</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fM"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fmoveto"></a><a name="M_002c-moveto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.21 <code class="code">M</code>, <code class="code">moveto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#M_002c-moveto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-M_002c-moveto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">M, moveto <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Begin a new sub-path, and set the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to <var class="var">x, y</var>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fm"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frmoveto"></a><a name="m_002c-rmoveto"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.22 <code class="code">m</code>, <code class="code">rmoveto</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#m_002c-rmoveto" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-m_002c-rmoveto" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">m, rmoveto <var class="var">dx</var> <var class="var">dy</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fnewpath"></a><a name="newpath"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.23 <code class="code">newpath</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#newpath" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-newpath" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">newpath</code></b>
</p>
<p>Begin a new sub-path. Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fmoveto"><code class="code">moveto</code></a>, but there is no
<a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> after it.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In the next example, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fnewpath"><code class="code">newpath</code></a> is used in the path on the right to
prevent the line connecting both arcs.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">setlinewidth 3

setcolor skyblue
arcn 70 90 20 0 (PI)
arc 70 150 20 0 (PI)
stroke

setcolor seagreen
arcn 170 90 20 0 (PI)
newpath
arc 170 150 20 0 (PI)
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fpreserve"></a><a name="preserve"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.24 <code class="code">preserve</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#preserve" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-preserve" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">preserve</code></b>
</p>
<p>Indicates that the next operation to fill, stroke, or clip, must
preserve the path, so the same path can be used in multiple operations.
</p>
<p>It has effect on these commands:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feoclip"><code class="code">eoclip</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005feofill"><code class="code">eofill</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a>
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>
</li></ul>

<p>The script can contain any command between <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a> and the
associated operation. This allows modifying other properties, like the
current color.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the same path is used for both <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a> and
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>, but with different colors.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">circle (w / 2) (h / 2) (w / 3)

setcolor skyblue
preserve fill

setlinewidth 10
setcolor seagreen
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a> can be called multiple times, if the same path has to be
used in 3 or more operations.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example, the path created by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcircle"><code class="code">circle</code></a> is used by
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ffill"><code class="code">fill</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>, and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a>. After <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fclip"><code class="code">clip</code></a>, the
path is cleared.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">circle 100 100 50

preserve fill
preserve stroke
clip
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fprint"></a><a name="print"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.25 <code class="code">print</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#print" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-print" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">print <var class="var">expr</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Print its arguments to the FFmpeg log.
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#Command-print">Command print</a> section above for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fproc"></a><a name="proc"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.26 <code class="code">proc</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#proc" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-proc" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">proc <var class="var">name</var> <var class="var">params</var>* { <var class="var">block</var> }</code></b>
</p>
<p>Assign the block and the parameters for the procedure <var class="var">name</var>. The
procedure can be called multiple times with the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcall"><code class="code">call</code></a> command.
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#Procedures">Procedures</a> section above for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fQ"></a><a name="Q"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.27 <code class="code">Q</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#Q" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-Q" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">Q x1 y1 <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Draw a quadratic Bézier curve from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the <em class="emph">end
point</em> specified by <var class="var">x, y</var>. The <em class="emph">control point</em> is specified by
<var class="var">x1, y1</var>.
</p>

<p>The behaviour is identical to the <code class="code">Q</code> command in <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. For more
details, see <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Attribute/d#quadratic_b%C3%A9zier_curve">Quadratic Bézier curve on MDN</a>, and the <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorials/SVG_from_scratch/Paths#curve_commands">Curve Commands section of the Paths tutorial on MDN</a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<pre class="verbatim">moveto 20 20

Q
    0 h                 // control point
    (w - 20) (h - 20)   // end point

stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fq"></a><a name="q"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.28 <code class="code">q</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#q" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-q" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">q <var class="var">dx1</var> <var class="var">dy1</var> <var class="var">dx</var> <var class="var">dy</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fQ"><code class="code">Q</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fradialgrad"></a><a name="radialgrad"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.29 <code class="code">radialgrad</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#radialgrad" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-radialgrad" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">radialgrad <var class="var">cx0</var> <var class="var">cy0</var> <var class="var">radius0</var> <var class="var">cx1</var> <var class="var">cy1</var> <var class="var">radius1</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Creates a new radial gradient between the two circles defined by
<var class="var">cx0 cy0 radius0</var> and <var class="var">cx1 cy1 radius1</var>. Each set of arguments
is the coordinates of the center and the radius.
</p>
<p>This gradient can be used for stroke and fill operations.
</p>
<p>Use <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fcolorstop"><code class="code">colorstop</code></a> to set the color for each position in the gradient.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The animation in the next example shows how the two circles defined in
the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fradialgrad"><code class="code">radialgrad</code></a> arguments interact with each other.
</p>
<p>The red circle represent the circle for the <var class="var">cx0 cy0 radius0</var>
arguments, and the yellow circle is the one for the
<var class="var">cx1 cy1 radius1</var> arguments.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">setvar cx0 (mod(t * 30, w))
setvar cy0 120
setvar radius0 20

setvar cx1 120
setvar cy1 120
setvar radius1 70

radialgrad
    cx0 cy0 radius0
    cx1 cy1 radius1

colorstop
    0 lightblue
    1 darkblue

// Fill the frame with the gradient.
rect 0 0 w h
fill

// Draw inner circle.
circle cx0 cy0 radius0
setcolor red
stroke

// Draw outer circle.
circle cx1 cy1 radius1
setcolor yellow
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frect"></a><a name="rect"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.30 <code class="code">rect</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#rect" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-rect" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">rect <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var> <var class="var">width</var> <var class="var">height</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Adds a rectangle of the given size (<var class="var">width</var> × <var class="var">height</var>), at
position <var class="var">x, y</var>, to the current path. The <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> is cleared
before and after adding the rectangle.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Paths.html#cairo-rectangle"><code class="code">cairo_rectangle</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frepeat"></a><a name="repeat"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.31 <code class="code">repeat</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#repeat" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-repeat" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">repeat <var class="var">count</var> { <var class="var">block</var> }</code></b>
</p>
<p>Executes a block the number of times indicated by <var class="var">count</var>.
</p>
<p>In each iteration, the variable <var class="var">i</var> is used as a
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_loop#Loop_counters">loop
counter</a>. It takes the values from <code class="code">0</code> to <code class="code">count - 1</code>. When
the loop is terminated, the variable is restored to the value before
starting the loop.
</p>
<p>If <var class="var">count</var> is less than <code class="code">1</code>, or it is not a finite number
(like <a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NaN"><code class="code">NaN</code></a>), the block is
not executed.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fresetclip"></a><a name="resetclip"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.32 <code class="code">resetclip</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#resetclip" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-resetclip" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">resetclip</code></b>
</p>
<p>Reset the current clip region to its original state, covering the whole
frame.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-reset-clip"><code class="code">cairo_reset_clip</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fresetdash"></a><a name="resetdash"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.33 <code class="code">resetdash</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#resetdash" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-resetdash" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">resetdash</code></b>
</p>
<p>Disable the dash pattern to be used by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>. This reverts any
change made by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a> and <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a>.
</p>
<p>It calls
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-dash"><code class="code">cairo_set_dash</code></a>
with <code class="code">num_dashes</code> set to <code class="code">0</code>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fresetmatrix"></a><a name="resetmatrix"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.34 <code class="code">resetmatrix</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#resetmatrix" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-resetmatrix" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></b>
</p>
<p>Resets the current <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frestore"></a><a name="restore"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.35 <code class="code">restore</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#restore" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-restore" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">restore</code></b>
</p>
<p>Restores the state saved by a preceding call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsave"><code class="code">save</code></a>.
</p>
<p>For more details, see the <a class="ref" href="#State-Stack">State Stack</a> section above, and the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-restore"><code class="code">cairo_restore</code></a>
function.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005frotate"></a><a name="rotate"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.36 <code class="code">rotate</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#rotate" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-rotate" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">rotate <var class="var">angle</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Modifies the current <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a> by rotating the user-space
axes by <var class="var">angle</var> radians.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Transformations.html#cairo-rotate"><code class="code">cairo_rotate</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>In this example:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscalexy"><code class="code">scalexy</code></a> maps the coordinates to a 1x1 frame.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ftranslate"><code class="code">translate</code></a> put <code class="code">0, 0</code> at the center of the frame.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frotate"><code class="code">rotate</code></a> rotates 45°.
</li><li><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetmatrix"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a> reverts the transformations before <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>, so the
line width is not affected by the scale.
</li></ul>

<pre class="verbatim">scalexy w h
translate 0.5 0.5
rotate (PI / 4)
rect -0.25 -0.25 0.5 0.5
resetmatrix
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005froundedrect"></a><a name="roundedrect"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.37 <code class="code">roundedrect</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#roundedrect" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-roundedrect" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">roundedrect <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var> <var class="var">width</var> <var class="var">height</var> <var class="var">radius</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frect"><code class="code">rect</code></a>, but a circular arc is used for the corners.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The next example shows the same rectangle, with different values for the
corner radius.
</p>
<p>The radius is computed by multiplying <var class="var">i</var> (the
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_loop#Loop_counters">loop counter</a>) by
<code class="code">4.5</code>. This number is chosen to make the last shape a perfect circle.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">repeat 9 {
    roundedrect
        (mod(i, 3) * 80 + 5)     // x
        (floor(i / 3) * 80 + 5)  // y
        70 70                    // size
        (i * 4.5)                // radius
}

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsave"></a><a name="save"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.38 <code class="code">save</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#save" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-save" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">save</code></b>
</p>
<p>Saves a copy of the current state on an internal stack. This copy can be
restored later with <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frestore"><code class="code">restore</code></a>.
</p>
<p>For more details, see the <a class="ref" href="#State-Stack">State Stack</a> section above, and the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-save"><code class="code">cairo_save</code></a>
function.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fscale"></a><a name="scale"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.39 <code class="code">scale</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#scale" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-scale" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">scale <var class="var">sxy</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Similar to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fscalexy"><code class="code">scalexy</code></a>, but the same value is used for both axes. It
is equivalent to:
</p>
<p><b class="b"><code class="code">scalexy <var class="var">sxy</var> <var class="var">sxy</var></code></b>
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fscalexy"></a><a name="scalexy"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.40 <code class="code">scalexy</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#scalexy" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-scalexy" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">scalexy <var class="var">sx</var> <var class="var">sy</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Modifies the current <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a> by scaling the X and Y
user-space axes by <var class="var">sx</var> and <var class="var">sy</var> respectively.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Transformations.html#cairo-scale"><code class="code">cairo_scale</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<p>See <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frotate"><code class="code">rotate</code></a> for an example on combining multiple transformations.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetcolor"></a><a name="setcolor"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.41 <code class="code">setcolor</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setcolor" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setcolor" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setcolor <var class="var">color</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set a solid color as the <a class="ref" href="#current-pattern">current pattern</a> for stroke and fill operations
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#Colors">Colors</a> section above for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetdash"></a><a name="setdash"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.42 <code class="code">setdash</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setdash" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setdash" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setdash <var class="var">length</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Sets the dash pattern to be used by <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>.
</p>
<p>Each call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a> adds a length to the pattern, alternating
between <em class="emph">on</em> and <em class="emph">off</em> portions of the stroke.
</p>
<p>After a call to <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a>, <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetdash"><code class="code">resetdash</code></a> is needed either to
create a new pattern, or to discard the current one.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-dash"><code class="code">cairo_set_dash</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetdashoffset"></a><a name="setdashoffset"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.43 <code class="code">setdashoffset</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setdashoffset" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setdashoffset" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setdashoffset <var class="var">offset</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the offset into the dash pattern at which the stroke should start.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdash"><code class="code">setdash</code></a> must be called <em class="emph">before</em> <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-dash"><code class="code">cairo_set_dash</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>The next animation shows the effect of <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsetdashoffset"><code class="code">setdashoffset</code></a> when its
argument changes over time.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">scalexy w h
M 0.5 1
curveto 0 0.5, 1 0.5, 0.5 0
resetmatrix

setdash 20 5 // 20 on, 5 off
setdashoffset (t * 100)

setlinewidth 20
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsethsla"></a><a name="sethsla"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.44 <code class="code">sethsla</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#sethsla" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-sethsla" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">sethsla <var class="var">h</var> <var class="var">s</var> <var class="var">l</var> <var class="var">a</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the <a class="ref" href="#current-pattern">current pattern</a> to a solid color, given the <em class="emph">hue</em>,
<em class="emph">saturation</em>, and <em class="emph">lightness</em>, and <em class="emph">alpha</em> components.
</p>
<p>h is the <em class="emph">hue</em>, a value between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">359</code>. Negative
values are clamped to <code class="code">0</code>, and values greater than <code class="code">359</code> are
interpreted as modulo 360.
</p>
<p>s (<em class="emph">saturation</em>), l (<em class="emph">lightness</em>), and a (<em class="emph">alpha</em>), are
values between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>.
</p>
<p>The conversion to RGB is implemented according to the
<a class="uref" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV#HSL_to_RGB">formulae from
Wikipedia</a>.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetlinecap"></a><a name="setlinecap"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.45 <code class="code">setlinecap</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setlinecap" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setlinecap" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setlinecap <var class="var">cap</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the current line cap style, which determines the shape used to draw
the end points of lines.
</p>
<p><var class="var">cap</var> must be one of the following names:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><code class="code">butt</code>
</li><li><code class="code">round</code>
</li><li><code class="code">square</code>
</li></ul>

<p>It calls to
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-line-cap"><code class="code">cairo_set_line_cap</code></a>
to set the line cap style.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>This example draws 3 lines with the same length, each one with a
different line cap style:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">setlinewidth 40

setlinecap butt
setcolor tomato
M 60 40 v 100 stroke

setlinecap round
setcolor seagreen
M 120 40 v 100 stroke

setlinecap square
setcolor skyblue
M 180 40 v 100 stroke

M 20 40 H 220 m 0 100 H 20
setcolor black@0.5
setlinewidth 2
stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetlinejoin"></a><a name="setlinejoin"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.46 <code class="code">setlinejoin</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setlinejoin" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setlinejoin" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setlinejoin <var class="var">join</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Sets the current line join style, which determines the shape used to
join two line segments.
</p>
<p><var class="var">join</var> must be one of the following names:
</p>
<ul class="itemize mark-bullet">
<li><code class="code">bevel</code>
</li><li><code class="code">miter</code>
</li><li><code class="code">round</code>
</li></ul>

<p>It calls to
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-line-join"><code class="code">cairo_set_line_join</code></a>
to set the line join style.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<p>This example draws 3 lines with the same length, each one with a
different line join style:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">setlinewidth 30

setlinejoin bevel
setcolor tomato
M 70 20 l 50 50 50 -50 stroke

setlinejoin miter
setcolor seagreen
M 70 90 l 50 50 50 -50 stroke

setlinejoin round
setcolor skyblue
M 70 160 l 50 50 50 -50 stroke
</pre>
</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetlinewidth"></a><a name="setlinewidth"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.47 <code class="code">setlinewidth</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setlinewidth" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setlinewidth" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setlinewidth <var class="var">width</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the line width for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>.
</p>
<p><var class="var">width</var> is affected by the <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a>.
</p>
<p>To specify a width that is not affected by other transformations,
<a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fresetmatrix"><code class="code">resetmatrix</code></a> can be used between <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fsave"><code class="code">save</code></a> / <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005frestore"><code class="code">restore</code></a>:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">save

resetmatrix
setlinewidth 1
stroke

// Restore matrix after stroke.
restore
</pre>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-set-line-width"><code class="code">cairo_set_line_width</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetrgba"></a><a name="setrgba"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.48 <code class="code">setrgba</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setrgba" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setrgba" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setrgba <var class="var">r</var> <var class="var">g</var> <var class="var">b</var> <var class="var">a</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the <a class="ref" href="#current-pattern">current pattern</a> to a solid color, given the
<em class="emph">red</em>, <em class="emph">green</em>, <em class="emph">blue</em>, and <em class="emph">alpha</em> components.
</p>
<p>All components are values between <code class="code">0</code> and <code class="code">1</code>. Values outside
that range are clamped to it.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fsetvar"></a><a name="setvar"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.49 <code class="code">setvar</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#setvar" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-setvar" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">setvar <var class="var">varname</var> <var class="var">value</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Set the variable <var class="var">varname</var> to <var class="var">value</var>.
</p>
<p>See the <a class="ref" href="#User-Variables">User Variables</a> section above for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fstroke"></a><a name="stroke"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.50 <code class="code">stroke</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#stroke" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-stroke" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">stroke</code></b>
</p>
<p>Strokes the current path according to the current line width, line join,
line cap, and dash settings.
</p>
<p>The path is cleared after the operation, unless the <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fpreserve"><code class="code">preserve</code></a>
command is used before <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fstroke"><code class="code">stroke</code></a>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-cairo-t.html#cairo-stroke"><code class="code">cairo_stroke</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fS"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fs"></a><a name="S_002c-s"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.51 <code class="code">S</code>, <code class="code">s</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#S_002c-s" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-S_002c-s" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">S, s <var class="var">x2</var> <var class="var">y2</var> <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a smooth cubic Bézier curve from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the <em class="emph">end
point</em> specified by <var class="var">x, y</var>. The <em class="emph">end control point</em> is specified by
<var class="var">x2, y2</var>.
</p>
<p>The <em class="emph">start control point</em> is the reflection of the <em class="emph">end
control point</em> of the previous curve command about the <em class="emph">current
point</em>.
</p>
<p>The behaviour is identical to the <code class="code">S</code> command in <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. For more
details, see <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Attribute/d#cubic_b%C3%A9zier_curve">Cubic Bézier Curve on MDN</a>, and the <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorials/SVG_from_scratch/Paths#curve_commands">Curve Commands section of the Paths tutorial on MDN</a>.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fs"><code class="code">s</code></a> is like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fS"><code class="code">S</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 20 120

c 25 -50, 25 50, 50 0

repeat 3 {
    s 20 50, 50 0
}

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005ftranslate"></a><a name="translate"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.52 <code class="code">translate</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#translate" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-translate" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">translate <var class="var">tx</var> <var class="var">ty</var></code></b>
</p>
<p>Modifies the current <a class="ref" href="#transformation-matrix">transformation matrix</a> by
translating the user-space origin by <var class="var">tx, ty</var>.
</p>
<p>See the documentation of the
<a class="uref" href="https://www.cairographics.org/manual/cairo-Transformations.html#cairo-translate"><code class="code">cairo_translate</code></a>
function for more details.
</p>
<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fT"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005ft"></a><a name="T_002c-t"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.53 <code class="code">T</code>, <code class="code">t</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#T_002c-t" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-T_002c-t" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">T, t <var class="var">x</var> <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a smooth quadratic Bézier curve from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to the
<em class="emph">end point</em> specified by <var class="var">x, y</var>.
</p>
<p>The <em class="emph">control point</em> is the reflection of the <em class="emph">control point</em>
of the previous curve command about the <em class="emph">current point</em>.
</p>
<p>The behaviour is identical to the <code class="code">T</code> command in <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Element/path">SVG&rsquo;s <code class="code">&lt;path&gt;</code></a>. For more
details, see <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Reference/Attribute/d#quadratic_b%C3%A9zier_curve">Quadratic Bézier curve on MDN</a>, and the <a class="uref" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Tutorials/SVG_from_scratch/Paths#curve_commands">Curve Commands section of the Paths tutorial on MDN</a>.
</p>
<p><a class="ref" href="#cmd_005ft"><code class="code">t</code></a> is like <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fT"><code class="code">T</code></a>, but the coordinates are relative to the
<a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
<table class="cartouche" border="1"><tr><th>
Example</th></tr><tr><td>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted">M 20 120

q 10 -20, 20 0

repeat 9 {
    t 20 0
}

stroke
</pre></div>

</td></tr></table>

<a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fV"></a><a class="anchor" id="cmd_005fv"></a><a name="V_002c-v"></a>
<h3 class="section">4.54 <code class="code">V</code>, <code class="code">v</code><span class="pull-right"><a class="anchor hidden-xs" href="#V_002c-v" aria-hidden="true">#</a> <a class="anchor hidden-xs"href="#toc-V_002c-v" aria-hidden="true">TOC</a></span></h3>

<p><b class="b"><code class="code">V, v <var class="var">y</var></code></b> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&mdash; <a class="ref" href="#implicit-commands"><i class="i">Can be implicit</i></a>
</p>
<p>Draw a vertical line from the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a> to y.
</p>
<p>The coordinate for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fV"><code class="code">V</code></a> is absolute, and for <a class="ref" href="#cmd_005fv"><code class="code">v</code></a> it is relative
to the <a class="ref" href="#current-point">current point</a>.
</p>
      <p style="font-size: small;">
        This document was generated using <a class="uref" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/"><em class="emph">makeinfo</em></a>.
      </p>
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