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- """
- NumPy
- =====
- Provides
- 1. An array object of arbitrary homogeneous items
- 2. Fast mathematical operations over arrays
- 3. Linear Algebra, Fourier Transforms, Random Number Generation
- How to use the documentation
- ----------------------------
- Documentation is available in two forms: docstrings provided
- with the code, and a loose standing reference guide, available from
- `the NumPy homepage <https://numpy.org>`_.
- We recommend exploring the docstrings using
- `IPython <https://ipython.org>`_, an advanced Python shell with
- TAB-completion and introspection capabilities. See below for further
- instructions.
- The docstring examples assume that `numpy` has been imported as ``np``::
- >>> import numpy as np
- Code snippets are indicated by three greater-than signs::
- >>> x = 42
- >>> x = x + 1
- Use the built-in ``help`` function to view a function's docstring::
- >>> help(np.sort)
- ... # doctest: +SKIP
- For some objects, ``np.info(obj)`` may provide additional help. This is
- particularly true if you see the line "Help on ufunc object:" at the top
- of the help() page. Ufuncs are implemented in C, not Python, for speed.
- The native Python help() does not know how to view their help, but our
- np.info() function does.
- Available subpackages
- ---------------------
- lib
- Basic functions used by several sub-packages.
- random
- Core Random Tools
- linalg
- Core Linear Algebra Tools
- fft
- Core FFT routines
- polynomial
- Polynomial tools
- testing
- NumPy testing tools
- distutils
- Enhancements to distutils with support for
- Fortran compilers support and more (for Python <= 3.11)
- Utilities
- ---------
- test
- Run numpy unittests
- show_config
- Show numpy build configuration
- __version__
- NumPy version string
- Viewing documentation using IPython
- -----------------------------------
- Start IPython and import `numpy` usually under the alias ``np``: `import
- numpy as np`. Then, directly past or use the ``%cpaste`` magic to paste
- examples into the shell. To see which functions are available in `numpy`,
- type ``np.<TAB>`` (where ``<TAB>`` refers to the TAB key), or use
- ``np.*cos*?<ENTER>`` (where ``<ENTER>`` refers to the ENTER key) to narrow
- down the list. To view the docstring for a function, use
- ``np.cos?<ENTER>`` (to view the docstring) and ``np.cos??<ENTER>`` (to view
- the source code).
- Copies vs. in-place operation
- -----------------------------
- Most of the functions in `numpy` return a copy of the array argument
- (e.g., `np.sort`). In-place versions of these functions are often
- available as array methods, i.e. ``x = np.array([1,2,3]); x.sort()``.
- Exceptions to this rule are documented.
- """
- # start delvewheel patch
- def _delvewheel_patch_1_10_1():
- import os
- if os.path.isdir(libs_dir := os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), os.pardir, 'numpy.libs'))):
- os.add_dll_directory(libs_dir)
- _delvewheel_patch_1_10_1()
- del _delvewheel_patch_1_10_1
- # end delvewheel patch
- import os
- import sys
- import warnings
- from ._globals import _NoValue, _CopyMode
- from ._expired_attrs_2_0 import __expired_attributes__
- # If a version with git hash was stored, use that instead
- from . import version
- from .version import __version__
- # We first need to detect if we're being called as part of the numpy setup
- # procedure itself in a reliable manner.
- try:
- __NUMPY_SETUP__
- except NameError:
- __NUMPY_SETUP__ = False
- if __NUMPY_SETUP__:
- sys.stderr.write('Running from numpy source directory.\n')
- else:
- # Allow distributors to run custom init code before importing numpy._core
- from . import _distributor_init
- try:
- from numpy.__config__ import show_config
- except ImportError as e:
- msg = """Error importing numpy: you should not try to import numpy from
- its source directory; please exit the numpy source tree, and relaunch
- your python interpreter from there."""
- raise ImportError(msg) from e
- from . import _core
- from ._core import (
- False_, ScalarType, True_,
- abs, absolute, acos, acosh, add, all, allclose,
- amax, amin, any, arange, arccos, arccosh, arcsin, arcsinh,
- arctan, arctan2, arctanh, argmax, argmin, argpartition, argsort,
- argwhere, around, array, array2string, array_equal, array_equiv,
- array_repr, array_str, asanyarray, asarray, ascontiguousarray,
- asfortranarray, asin, asinh, atan, atanh, atan2, astype, atleast_1d,
- atleast_2d, atleast_3d, base_repr, binary_repr, bitwise_and,
- bitwise_count, bitwise_invert, bitwise_left_shift, bitwise_not,
- bitwise_or, bitwise_right_shift, bitwise_xor, block, bool, bool_,
- broadcast, busday_count, busday_offset, busdaycalendar, byte, bytes_,
- can_cast, cbrt, cdouble, ceil, character, choose, clip, clongdouble,
- complex128, complex64, complexfloating, compress, concat, concatenate,
- conj, conjugate, convolve, copysign, copyto, correlate, cos, cosh,
- count_nonzero, cross, csingle, cumprod, cumsum, cumulative_prod,
- cumulative_sum, datetime64, datetime_as_string, datetime_data,
- deg2rad, degrees, diagonal, divide, divmod, dot, double, dtype, e,
- einsum, einsum_path, empty, empty_like, equal, errstate, euler_gamma,
- exp, exp2, expm1, fabs, finfo, flatiter, flatnonzero, flexible,
- float16, float32, float64, float_power, floating, floor, floor_divide,
- fmax, fmin, fmod, format_float_positional, format_float_scientific,
- frexp, from_dlpack, frombuffer, fromfile, fromfunction, fromiter,
- frompyfunc, fromstring, full, full_like, gcd, generic, geomspace,
- get_printoptions, getbufsize, geterr, geterrcall, greater,
- greater_equal, half, heaviside, hstack, hypot, identity, iinfo,
- indices, inexact, inf, inner, int16, int32, int64, int8, int_, intc,
- integer, intp, invert, is_busday, isclose, isdtype, isfinite,
- isfortran, isinf, isnan, isnat, isscalar, issubdtype, lcm, ldexp,
- left_shift, less, less_equal, lexsort, linspace, little_endian, log,
- log10, log1p, log2, logaddexp, logaddexp2, logical_and, logical_not,
- logical_or, logical_xor, logspace, long, longdouble, longlong, matmul,
- matvec, matrix_transpose, max, maximum, may_share_memory, mean, memmap,
- min, min_scalar_type, minimum, mod, modf, moveaxis, multiply, nan,
- ndarray, ndim, nditer, negative, nested_iters, newaxis, nextafter,
- nonzero, not_equal, number, object_, ones, ones_like, outer, partition,
- permute_dims, pi, positive, pow, power, printoptions, prod,
- promote_types, ptp, put, putmask, rad2deg, radians, ravel, recarray,
- reciprocal, record, remainder, repeat, require, reshape, resize,
- result_type, right_shift, rint, roll, rollaxis, round, sctypeDict,
- searchsorted, set_printoptions, setbufsize, seterr, seterrcall, shape,
- shares_memory, short, sign, signbit, signedinteger, sin, single, sinh,
- size, sort, spacing, sqrt, square, squeeze, stack, std,
- str_, subtract, sum, swapaxes, take, tan, tanh, tensordot,
- timedelta64, trace, transpose, true_divide, trunc, typecodes, ubyte,
- ufunc, uint, uint16, uint32, uint64, uint8, uintc, uintp, ulong,
- ulonglong, unsignedinteger, unstack, ushort, var, vdot, vecdot,
- vecmat, void, vstack, where, zeros, zeros_like
- )
- # NOTE: It's still under discussion whether these aliases
- # should be removed.
- for ta in ["float96", "float128", "complex192", "complex256"]:
- try:
- globals()[ta] = getattr(_core, ta)
- except AttributeError:
- pass
- del ta
- from . import lib
- from .lib import scimath as emath
- from .lib._histograms_impl import (
- histogram, histogram_bin_edges, histogramdd
- )
- from .lib._nanfunctions_impl import (
- nanargmax, nanargmin, nancumprod, nancumsum, nanmax, nanmean,
- nanmedian, nanmin, nanpercentile, nanprod, nanquantile, nanstd,
- nansum, nanvar
- )
- from .lib._function_base_impl import (
- select, piecewise, trim_zeros, copy, iterable, percentile, diff,
- gradient, angle, unwrap, sort_complex, flip, rot90, extract, place,
- vectorize, asarray_chkfinite, average, bincount, digitize, cov,
- corrcoef, median, sinc, hamming, hanning, bartlett, blackman,
- kaiser, trapezoid, trapz, i0, meshgrid, delete, insert, append,
- interp, quantile
- )
- from .lib._twodim_base_impl import (
- diag, diagflat, eye, fliplr, flipud, tri, triu, tril, vander,
- histogram2d, mask_indices, tril_indices, tril_indices_from,
- triu_indices, triu_indices_from
- )
- from .lib._shape_base_impl import (
- apply_over_axes, apply_along_axis, array_split, column_stack, dsplit,
- dstack, expand_dims, hsplit, kron, put_along_axis, row_stack, split,
- take_along_axis, tile, vsplit
- )
- from .lib._type_check_impl import (
- iscomplexobj, isrealobj, imag, iscomplex, isreal, nan_to_num, real,
- real_if_close, typename, mintypecode, common_type
- )
- from .lib._arraysetops_impl import (
- ediff1d, in1d, intersect1d, isin, setdiff1d, setxor1d, union1d,
- unique, unique_all, unique_counts, unique_inverse, unique_values
- )
- from .lib._ufunclike_impl import fix, isneginf, isposinf
- from .lib._arraypad_impl import pad
- from .lib._utils_impl import (
- show_runtime, get_include, info
- )
- from .lib._stride_tricks_impl import (
- broadcast_arrays, broadcast_shapes, broadcast_to
- )
- from .lib._polynomial_impl import (
- poly, polyint, polyder, polyadd, polysub, polymul, polydiv, polyval,
- polyfit, poly1d, roots
- )
- from .lib._npyio_impl import (
- savetxt, loadtxt, genfromtxt, load, save, savez, packbits,
- savez_compressed, unpackbits, fromregex
- )
- from .lib._index_tricks_impl import (
- diag_indices_from, diag_indices, fill_diagonal, ndindex, ndenumerate,
- ix_, c_, r_, s_, ogrid, mgrid, unravel_index, ravel_multi_index,
- index_exp
- )
- from . import matrixlib as _mat
- from .matrixlib import (
- asmatrix, bmat, matrix
- )
- # public submodules are imported lazily, therefore are accessible from
- # __getattr__. Note that `distutils` (deprecated) and `array_api`
- # (experimental label) are not added here, because `from numpy import *`
- # must not raise any warnings - that's too disruptive.
- __numpy_submodules__ = {
- "linalg", "fft", "dtypes", "random", "polynomial", "ma",
- "exceptions", "lib", "ctypeslib", "testing", "typing",
- "f2py", "test", "rec", "char", "core", "strings",
- }
- # We build warning messages for former attributes
- _msg = (
- "module 'numpy' has no attribute '{n}'.\n"
- "`np.{n}` was a deprecated alias for the builtin `{n}`. "
- "To avoid this error in existing code, use `{n}` by itself. "
- "Doing this will not modify any behavior and is safe. {extended_msg}\n"
- "The aliases was originally deprecated in NumPy 1.20; for more "
- "details and guidance see the original release note at:\n"
- " https://numpy.org/devdocs/release/1.20.0-notes.html#deprecations")
- _specific_msg = (
- "If you specifically wanted the numpy scalar type, use `np.{}` here.")
- _int_extended_msg = (
- "When replacing `np.{}`, you may wish to use e.g. `np.int64` "
- "or `np.int32` to specify the precision. If you wish to review "
- "your current use, check the release note link for "
- "additional information.")
- _type_info = [
- ("object", ""), # The NumPy scalar only exists by name.
- ("float", _specific_msg.format("float64")),
- ("complex", _specific_msg.format("complex128")),
- ("str", _specific_msg.format("str_")),
- ("int", _int_extended_msg.format("int"))]
- __former_attrs__ = {
- n: _msg.format(n=n, extended_msg=extended_msg)
- for n, extended_msg in _type_info
- }
- # Some of these could be defined right away, but most were aliases to
- # the Python objects and only removed in NumPy 1.24. Defining them should
- # probably wait for NumPy 1.26 or 2.0.
- # When defined, these should possibly not be added to `__all__` to avoid
- # import with `from numpy import *`.
- __future_scalars__ = {"str", "bytes", "object"}
- __array_api_version__ = "2023.12"
- from ._array_api_info import __array_namespace_info__
- # now that numpy core module is imported, can initialize limits
- _core.getlimits._register_known_types()
- __all__ = list(
- __numpy_submodules__ |
- set(_core.__all__) |
- set(_mat.__all__) |
- set(lib._histograms_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._nanfunctions_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._function_base_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._twodim_base_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._shape_base_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._type_check_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._arraysetops_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._ufunclike_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._arraypad_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._utils_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._stride_tricks_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._polynomial_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._npyio_impl.__all__) |
- set(lib._index_tricks_impl.__all__) |
- {"emath", "show_config", "__version__", "__array_namespace_info__"}
- )
- # Filter out Cython harmless warnings
- warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.dtype size changed")
- warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ufunc size changed")
- warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", message="numpy.ndarray size changed")
- def __getattr__(attr):
- # Warn for expired attributes
- import warnings
- if attr == "linalg":
- import numpy.linalg as linalg
- return linalg
- elif attr == "fft":
- import numpy.fft as fft
- return fft
- elif attr == "dtypes":
- import numpy.dtypes as dtypes
- return dtypes
- elif attr == "random":
- import numpy.random as random
- return random
- elif attr == "polynomial":
- import numpy.polynomial as polynomial
- return polynomial
- elif attr == "ma":
- import numpy.ma as ma
- return ma
- elif attr == "ctypeslib":
- import numpy.ctypeslib as ctypeslib
- return ctypeslib
- elif attr == "exceptions":
- import numpy.exceptions as exceptions
- return exceptions
- elif attr == "testing":
- import numpy.testing as testing
- return testing
- elif attr == "matlib":
- import numpy.matlib as matlib
- return matlib
- elif attr == "f2py":
- import numpy.f2py as f2py
- return f2py
- elif attr == "typing":
- import numpy.typing as typing
- return typing
- elif attr == "rec":
- import numpy.rec as rec
- return rec
- elif attr == "char":
- import numpy.char as char
- return char
- elif attr == "array_api":
- raise AttributeError("`numpy.array_api` is not available from "
- "numpy 2.0 onwards", name=None)
- elif attr == "core":
- import numpy.core as core
- return core
- elif attr == "strings":
- import numpy.strings as strings
- return strings
- elif attr == "distutils":
- if 'distutils' in __numpy_submodules__:
- import numpy.distutils as distutils
- return distutils
- else:
- raise AttributeError("`numpy.distutils` is not available from "
- "Python 3.12 onwards", name=None)
- if attr in __future_scalars__:
- # And future warnings for those that will change, but also give
- # the AttributeError
- warnings.warn(
- f"In the future `np.{attr}` will be defined as the "
- "corresponding NumPy scalar.", FutureWarning, stacklevel=2)
- if attr in __former_attrs__:
- raise AttributeError(__former_attrs__[attr], name=None)
- if attr in __expired_attributes__:
- raise AttributeError(
- f"`np.{attr}` was removed in the NumPy 2.0 release. "
- f"{__expired_attributes__[attr]}",
- name=None
- )
- if attr == "chararray":
- warnings.warn(
- "`np.chararray` is deprecated and will be removed from "
- "the main namespace in the future. Use an array with a string "
- "or bytes dtype instead.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
- import numpy.char as char
- return char.chararray
- raise AttributeError("module {!r} has no attribute "
- "{!r}".format(__name__, attr))
- def __dir__():
- public_symbols = (
- globals().keys() | __numpy_submodules__
- )
- public_symbols -= {
- "matrixlib", "matlib", "tests", "conftest", "version",
- "compat", "distutils", "array_api"
- }
- return list(public_symbols)
- # Pytest testing
- from numpy._pytesttester import PytestTester
- test = PytestTester(__name__)
- del PytestTester
- def _sanity_check():
- """
- Quick sanity checks for common bugs caused by environment.
- There are some cases e.g. with wrong BLAS ABI that cause wrong
- results under specific runtime conditions that are not necessarily
- achieved during test suite runs, and it is useful to catch those early.
- See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/8577 and other
- similar bug reports.
- """
- try:
- x = ones(2, dtype=float32)
- if not abs(x.dot(x) - float32(2.0)) < 1e-5:
- raise AssertionError
- except AssertionError:
- msg = ("The current Numpy installation ({!r}) fails to "
- "pass simple sanity checks. This can be caused for example "
- "by incorrect BLAS library being linked in, or by mixing "
- "package managers (pip, conda, apt, ...). Search closed "
- "numpy issues for similar problems.")
- raise RuntimeError(msg.format(__file__)) from None
- _sanity_check()
- del _sanity_check
- def _mac_os_check():
- """
- Quick Sanity check for Mac OS look for accelerate build bugs.
- Testing numpy polyfit calls init_dgelsd(LAPACK)
- """
- try:
- c = array([3., 2., 1.])
- x = linspace(0, 2, 5)
- y = polyval(c, x)
- _ = polyfit(x, y, 2, cov=True)
- except ValueError:
- pass
- if sys.platform == "darwin":
- from . import exceptions
- with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
- _mac_os_check()
- # Throw runtime error, if the test failed Check for warning and error_message
- if len(w) > 0:
- for _wn in w:
- if _wn.category is exceptions.RankWarning:
- # Ignore other warnings, they may not be relevant (see gh-25433).
- error_message = (
- f"{_wn.category.__name__}: {_wn.message}"
- )
- msg = (
- "Polyfit sanity test emitted a warning, most likely due "
- "to using a buggy Accelerate backend."
- "\nIf you compiled yourself, more information is available at:"
- "\nhttps://numpy.org/devdocs/building/index.html"
- "\nOtherwise report this to the vendor "
- "that provided NumPy.\n\n{}\n".format(error_message))
- raise RuntimeError(msg)
- del _wn
- del w
- del _mac_os_check
- def hugepage_setup():
- """
- We usually use madvise hugepages support, but on some old kernels it
- is slow and thus better avoided. Specifically kernel version 4.6
- had a bug fix which probably fixed this:
- https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/7cf91a98e607c2f935dbcc177d70011e95b8faff
- """
- use_hugepage = os.environ.get("NUMPY_MADVISE_HUGEPAGE", None)
- if sys.platform == "linux" and use_hugepage is None:
- # If there is an issue with parsing the kernel version,
- # set use_hugepage to 0. Usage of LooseVersion will handle
- # the kernel version parsing better, but avoided since it
- # will increase the import time.
- # See: #16679 for related discussion.
- try:
- use_hugepage = 1
- kernel_version = os.uname().release.split(".")[:2]
- kernel_version = tuple(int(v) for v in kernel_version)
- if kernel_version < (4, 6):
- use_hugepage = 0
- except ValueError:
- use_hugepage = 0
- elif use_hugepage is None:
- # This is not Linux, so it should not matter, just enable anyway
- use_hugepage = 1
- else:
- use_hugepage = int(use_hugepage)
- return use_hugepage
- # Note that this will currently only make a difference on Linux
- _core.multiarray._set_madvise_hugepage(hugepage_setup())
- del hugepage_setup
- # Give a warning if NumPy is reloaded or imported on a sub-interpreter
- # We do this from python, since the C-module may not be reloaded and
- # it is tidier organized.
- _core.multiarray._multiarray_umath._reload_guard()
- # TODO: Remove the environment variable entirely now that it is "weak"
- if (os.environ.get("NPY_PROMOTION_STATE", "weak") != "weak"):
- warnings.warn(
- "NPY_PROMOTION_STATE was a temporary feature for NumPy 2.0 "
- "transition and is ignored after NumPy 2.2.",
- UserWarning, stacklevel=2)
- # Tell PyInstaller where to find hook-numpy.py
- def _pyinstaller_hooks_dir():
- from pathlib import Path
- return [str(Path(__file__).with_name("_pyinstaller").resolve())]
- # Remove symbols imported for internal use
- del os, sys, warnings
|